In the modern world，there is an unfortunate tendency to value profit over intelligence. People may know a practice is harmful，but continue to do it anyway because it produces an in-demand product. Fortunately，there are inventors who work tirelessly to develop more responsible solutions. Sally Fox is one such individual.

Before Fox's invention of Foxfibre cotton，naturally colored cotton could only be spun（纺线）by hand，which was such a long and laborious process that businesses chose to take white cotton，bleach（漂白）it，dye it and spin it on a machine. This produced the colored fabrics people wanted，but also created a lot of pollution through the bleaching and dying processes. Sadly，there weren't really any practical choices available until Sally Fox came along in the late 1980s and revolutionized the industry.

While working as a pollinator（传花粉者）for a cotton breeder looking to develop more pest-resistant plants，Fox began breeding brown and green cotton，picking out the best seeds that produced the longest fibres and replanting them year after year. Finally，she created two kinds of colored cotton that could be spun on a machine，and she purchased a small lot of land to grow them. Sally even received Plant Variety Protection Certificates for the new cotton.

By the early 1990s，Sally Fox had had a 10-million-dollar business that produced naturally colored cotton for major companies like Levi's，Esprit，Land's End and L. L. Bean. It was a more environmentally friendly product that was also turning a profit. After globalization forced most of the spinning mills（工厂）to South America and Southeast Asia，Fox's business took a hit，but she continues to make new naturally colored cotton to this day. Each new color takes about 10 years to produce—but，for Sally Fox，the patience is worth the payoff.

【小题1】Sally Fox was famous because she invented __________.

A．colored cotton that can fight against the attack of pests

B．colored cotton that can be spun by machine

C．how to dye white cotton into colorful cotton

D．naturally colored cotton that can grow for 10 years

【小题2】According to the passage，at first Sally Fox was __________.

A．an inventor	B．a breeder
C．a farmer	D．a pollinator

【小题3】One advantage of Foxfibre colored cotton is that __________.

A．it has the longest fibre

B．it can protect itself against pests

C．it is environmentally friendly

D．it can grow into various colors

【小题4】The underlined phrase“took a hit”may mean“__________”.

A．survived	B．benefited
C．suffered	D．expanded

   Since 1964，colleges and universities in the U. S. have used Test of English as a Foreign Language，or TOEFL，to measure an international applicant's（申请人的）level of English. Universities in English-speaking European countries began using the International English Language Testing System，or IELTS，in 1989. These two tests have been the main choices for English ability testing in higher education admissions for international students until now.

In recent years，several companies have developed new English language tests that are low-cost and easy to use. And they aim to do more than just offer greater choices in the admissions process.

Founded in 2012, Duolingo creates software that teaches users many different languages, including English. In 2014, the company launched its own test of English language ability.

Jennifer Dewar works with Duolingo, helping to develop the test. She formerly worked as an admissions official at Washington University in St. Louis, Misouri. The school is one of hundreds of colleges, universities and other organizations in and outside the U. S. that now accept the test results for international admissions into their study programs.

Dewar says Duolingo created the test to lower the barriers to higher education for people worldwide, especially those in developing countries.

TOEFL and the IELTS cost about $ 300. They are given in a limited number of centers around the world. Some test-takers have to travel to take the tests, adding to the costs. Duolingo offers its test entirely over the Internet for $ 49. All test-takers need is access to a computer with a microphone，listening device and self-facing camera.

TOEFL，the IELTS and Duolingo measure a person's English reading，listening，speaking and writing abilities. But it takes about 45 minutes to complete a Duolingo test，compared to three or four hours for TOEFL or the IELTS. It is possible because Duolingo uses artificial intelligence（人工智能）to adapt to test-takers' abilities，using fewer questions to measure their skills.

【小题1】Why were TOEFL and the IELTS set up？

A．To make people understand English-speaking countries.

B．To help teachers to teach in colleges and universities in Europe.

C．To test an international applicant's level of English.

D．To help international applicants to improve their sEnglish.

【小题2】When did Duolingo begin to use its own test of English language ability?

A．In 1964.	B．In 1989.
C．In 2012.	D．In 2014.

【小题3】Compared to TOEFL and the IELTS, Duolingo _____________.

A．widely used in English tests

B．a less difficult test

C．affordable and convenient

D．a face-to-face test

【小题4】What is the author's purpose in writing the text?

A．To introduce Duolingo.

B．To instruct us how to pass English tests.

C．To introduce overseas studying.

D．To promote English teaching.

假如你是李华，最近你们班进行了有关“克隆”的讨论。有人赞成克隆，有人反对。请你根据你们讨论的情况给Smith博士写封信，并表达自己的见解。
注意：1.词数100左右；2.开头和结尾已经给出，但不计入总词数。
Dear Dr. Smith，

I'm Li Hua. Recently we had a discussion _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Best wishes！

Yours sincerely，

Li Hua

Safety is a huge concern whenever I run with my earphones in. But I need music to run. Otherwise all I hear is the sound of my own breathing. So I’ve found a compromise: I run with only one earphone in. The music sounds off. It’s an imperfect solution.
An updated pair of headphones, called AfterShokz, aim to do better. AfterShokz bills itself as using bone conducting technology to conduct music from the front of the ear, delivering sound through your cheekbone and inner ear. This keeps your eardrum (鼓膜) free to hear everything else.
“Earbuds (耳塞式耳机) are typically designed to block out all sound, which is fine when you’re inside. But when you’re outside, you need all your senses. It would be like sending you out cycling with a blindfold on,” says Rod Annet, managing director of AfterShokz.
Here’s where AfterShokz comes in. The headphones hook over the back of your head with the main “bud” resting high up against your cheek. This keeps your ear free to delight in other sounds.
So do they work? In a word, yes. During a 45-minute jog, they didn’t bounce or shift. I heard far more of my environment than I normally do: a nearby bike there; a runner passing me again to my left; and so forth.
What about the downsides? If you’re a huge fan of high-quality sound, you might find the headphones a bit tinny. One friend expressed concerns about missing the ability to get lost in the music as you might be distracted by other noises, although I personally didn’t find that an issue.
Yet those are all minor details. For me, probably the biggest problem is the price. Ranging between £ 49.96 to £ 83.29, AfterShokz headphones aren’t exactly cheap.
With all that considered, would I recommend them? Yes. AfterShokz headphones are quite useful. While out jogging, they were light, painless, and easy to use. They made me feel safer.
【小题1】What is special about AfterShokz headphones?

A．They are a good choice for inside use.

B．They allow users to hear other sounds.

C．They can make music sound more beautiful.

D．They can deliver sound through your eardrum.

【小题2】What does the author’s friend think of AfterShokz headphones?

A．They prevent users getting lost.

B．They deliver high—quality sound.

C．They often move while users are running.

D．They fail to allow users to enjoy the music.

【小题3】The author thinks AfterShokz headphones .

A．are too expensive	B．seem quite useless
C．make users feel pain	D．are too complex to use

【小题4】What is the main purpose of the text?

A．To express worries.	B．To introduce a product.
C．To share a personal story.	D．To complain about a product.

语法填空

Anvitha Vijay，who is only nine years old，has built two educational apps. One is Smartkins Animals，which helps many 【小题1】（child）identify more than 100 animals and 【小题2】 other is Rainbow Colors，which teaches kids colors.

With the help of YouTube videos，the young girl from Melbourne，Australia，learned codes（编码）at age 7 all by 【小题3】（she）. Soon，she was trying her hand at making apps.“When I first got my iPad，I 【小题4】（attract）immediately by all the apps on it，”she told TFK.“It wasn't long 【小题5】 I wanted to create my own.”

Anvitha's skills won her a scholarship to attend a big tech conference hosted by Apple in San Francisco，California. There，she got tips from the professionals and went to workshops 【小题6】 she learned about the latest software for app building. All that training led to an idea for a third app. This one，called GoalsHi，inspires kids 【小题7】（develop）good habits.

Anvitha's goal is to keep on 【小题8】 (create) technology that helps kids learn while they are having fun. But what's even more 【小题9】 (importance) to her is that the world sees the power of technology in kids' hands.“The more training we get in tech at an early age,”she says,“the 【小题10】 (good) chance we will have of becoming champions who will one day change the world.”