Forcing waiters and waitresses to survive on tips from customers rather than normal wages is a pointless, rough, and unique American custom that, in the past several years, a handful of progressive restaurant owners have attempted to do away with. Now one of the most famous names in the dining business says he’s about to join their ranks. Danny Meyer, CEO of Union Square Hospitality Group, has announced that he plans to gradually stop tipping at the company’s 13 restaurants.

What, exactly, is wrong with tipping? To start with, leaving a waiter’s pay in the hands of customers causes a feeling of discrimination (歧视). In theory, handing restaurant customers the power to tip is at least supposed to inspire better, more attentive service. This fails in practice because humans turn out to be pretty arbitrary (随心所欲的) about their tipping behavior. Research has shown that the amount diners leave has very little to do with their level of satisfaction. All of this doesn’t encourage waiters and waitresses to do anything but turn over as many tables as possible.

Tipping is also very unfair to kitchen staff. The law allows restaurants to divide tips among front-of-the- house workers like waiters, hosts, and hostesses, but not cooks. This creates a system in which the people serving the food in a restaurant can earn more than the people preparing it.

One of the most appealing parts of Meyer’s move is that, unlike some restaurant owners who have taken an anti-tipping view, he won’t simply add a standard extra charge to diners’ bills. Rather, Union Square Hospitality Group intends to raise menu prices enough to fully cover the cost of a meal. If Meyer manages to move away from tipping at all without hurting his profits, it will almost certainly set the stage for others to follow suit.

【小题1】What do we know about the restaurants stopping tipping in Paragraph 1?
A．Their number is growing.
B．Their aim is to make more money.
C．They are damaging waiters and waitresses, profits.
D．They are widely supported by customers.【小题2】What’s waiters and waitresses’ attitude toward the present tipping custom?
A．They are encouraged to work hard to get tips.
B．They are against it for they get different tips.
C．They think it’s fair to their work labor.
D．Not all of them are satisfied with it.【小题3】What will customers feel after dinning in Danny Meyer’s restaurants?
A．Eating there is cheaper. B. The service there is better.
B．The price of the food is higher.    D. The restaurants are more crowded.【小题4】What would be the best title of the text?
A．The disadvantages of tipping B. Difficulties faced by restaurants
B．How to run restaurants successfully D. Some restaurants are removing tipping

   In ancient Egypt, a shopkeeper discovered that he could attract customers to his shop simply by making changes to its environment. Modern businesses have been following his lead, with more tactics (策略).
One tactic involves where to display the goods. For example, stores place fruits and vegetables in the first section. They know that customers who buy the healthy food first will feel happy so that they will buy more junk food (垃圾食品) later in their trip. In department stores, the women’s shoe section is generally next to the women’s cosmetics (化妆品) section: while the shop assistant is going back to find the right size shoe, bored customers are likely to wander over and find some cosmetics they might want to try later.
Besides, businesses seek to appeal to customers’ senses. Stores notice that the smell of baked goods encourages shopping, so they make their own bread each morning and then fan the bread smell into the store throughout the day. Music sells goods, too. Researchers in Britain found that when French music was played, sales of French wines went up.
When it comes to the selling of houses, businesses also use highly rewarding tactics. They find that customers make decisions in the first few seconds upon walking in the door, and turn it into a business opportunity. A California builder designed the structure of its houses smartly. When entering the house, the customer would see the Pacific Ocean through the windows, and then the pool through an open stairway leading to the lower level. The instant view of water on both levels helped sell these $ 10 million houses.
【小题1】Why do stores usually display fruits and vegetables in the first section?

A．To save customers time.	B．To show they are high quality foods.
C．To help sell junk food.	D．To sell them at discount prices.

【小题2】According to Paragraph 3, which of the following encourages customers to buy?

A．Opening the store early in the morning.	B．Displaying British wines next to French ones.
C．Inviting customers to play music.	D．Filling the store with the smell of fresh bread.

【小题3】What is the California builder’s story intended to prove?

A．The house structure is a key factor customers consider.

B．The more costly the house is, the better it sells.

C．An ocean view is much to the customers’ taste.

D．A good first impression increases sales.

【小题4】What is the main purpose of the passage?

A．To explain how businesses turn people into their customers.

B．To introduce how businesses have grown from the past.

C．To report researches on customer behavior.

D．To show dishonest business practices.

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。（如果所用的答题卡没有E、F、G选项，则选E涂A、B，选F涂A、C，选G涂A、D。）
【小题1】The answer is that the government needs money for many things, for example to pay its army, to build public facilities and to buy goods from abroad, and only the people of the country can supply the money.
【小题2】That is, a person pays according to the amount of his income. Whether he is a merchant, a doctor, a lawyer, a shopkeeper, a miner, or anything else, he must pay tax if his income is more than a certain amount. This is called a “direct” tax, because it is paid in money direct to the government.
Another tax is paid on goods such as watches, jewelry, tobacco, wine, etc. When they are brought into a country, such a tax is paid as part of the price of these goods if they are later sold in shops.【小题3】
People usually complain about having to pay taxes, but they forget that the money is spent on things that they and their families need. We need policemen to catch thieves, and they must be paid what they earn; children need education and there must be schools and teachers; we want our streets to be kept clean, and the wages of men who do this kind of work have to be paid.【小题4】And we cannot have an army without paying for it.
【小题5】We have no real cause to complain when we are asked to pay taxes for the good of ourselves and for our fellow citizens.

A．Why must we pay taxes? B．Why do people often complain? C．Taxes, therefore, cannot be avoided. D．Taxes, however, should be cancelled.   E．One of the most important taxes is income tax. F．We call it “indirect” tax, because it is paid indirectly through the shopkeeper. G．Above all, the country must always be ready to defend itself against attacking enemies.

   Twenty-five years ago, most young Britons wanted a career in law, to be a doctor, or, if they were creative enough, to take up singing. But today, things stand different.

According to a survey by Tesco Mobile, a UK company, the "dream job" of young people aged between 16 and 25 in the UK is a video blogger, or "vlogger". The survey, carried out among 1,002 people, found that as many as 40 percent of them put vloggers as their number one choice on a list of ideal careers.

This change is undoubtedly as a result of the Internet and social media. They have made it so much easier to reach audience of the world, without having to enter a career in show business in the traditional way.

In the past, the biggest stars were trained by the Hollywood studios; now, anyone with a computer camera can become a star. Vloggers are the big stars of today because they are normal people interacting（交流）with their fans about everyday life.

However, what people see is only the bright side of being a vlogger and they fail to notice the fact that only those who are successful earn fame（名声）and fortune. For every success there are hundreds of others who never get off the starting line. There are the dreams that come true and the dreams that remain dreams forever.

Although being vloggers is popular, some young people choose to follow careers that don't necessarily earn them fame, but that allow them to make good use of the Internet to share their hobbies. Young Israeli David Leshaw, for example, runs a business called the

Finishers Club. It's an online platform for runners to keep a record of their races. His job allows him to express his enthusiasm, and is always a learning experience. And that's enough for him.

【小题1】Why do more and more young Britons choose to be vloggers?

A．Vloggers can earn greater fame and more money on the Internet.

B．There is too much competition in the traditional show business.

C．The Internet makes it convenient to enter show business.

D．Anyone with a computer will surely become a star.

【小题2】What can we infer from the fifth paragraph?

A．Only a few vloggers can be successful.

B．A vlogger cannot earn fame or fortune.

C．Being a vlogger is not a good career.

D．Dreams will come true one day.

【小题3】What do some young people like David do on the Internet?

A．Learn from others.

B．Become an online hit.

C．Hold running races.

D．Mix jobs with hobbies.

【小题4】What is the passage mainly about?

A．Most young Britons choose to be vloggers as their jobs based on their hobbies.

B．The Internet is influencing young Britons' career choice.

C．The Internet is taking the place of traditional studios.

D．Young Britons cannot find jobs without the Internet.