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The Spanish flu 【小题1】（start）on a small military（军事的）base in central Kansas in 1918，【小题2】 one soldier came down with a fever. Within a few hours，about 100 soldiers were reported 【小题3】（have）the same illness.

By 1919，the flu had spread around the world，【小题4】（kill）up to 50 million people. The flu caused over 600，000 【小题5】（die）in the US，which included 195，000 just in the single month of October 1918.

The flu was 【小题6】（particular）serious because most of the victims were young，healthy people. In fact，more adults 【小题7】 the ages of 20 and 50 got sick and died from the flu than any other group.

What made people especially 【小题8】（terrify）was that the flu made people sick quickly. It was reported that many people who woke up with no flu symptoms got sick in the morning and were dead by nighttime. According to one story，four women played bridge late into the night，three of whom 【小题9】（find）dead the next morning.

It was not until three "waves" of illness later 【小题10】 the flu eventually ended.

   Everybody sleeps，but what people stay up late to catch or wake up early in order not to miss varies by culture.

From data collected，it seems the things that cause us to lose the most sleep，on average，are sporting events，time changes，and holidays.

Around the world，people change sleep patterns thanks to the start or end of daylight-saving time（夏令时间）. Russians，for example，began to wake up about a half-hour later each day after President Vladimir Putin shifted the country permanently to“winter time”starting on October 26.

Russia's other late nights and early mornings generally correspond（相一致）to public holidays. On New Year's Eve，Russians have the world's latest bedtime，hitting the hay at around 3:30 a. m.

Russians also get up an hour later on International Women's Day，the day for treating and celebrating female relatives.

Similarly，Americans' late nights，late mornings，and longest sleep fall on three-day weekends.

Canada got the least sleep of the year the night it beat Sweden in the Olympic hockey（冰球）final.

The World Cup is also chiefly responsible for sleep deprivation. The worst night for sleep in the U. K. was the night of the England-Italy match on June 14. Brits stayed up a half-hour later to watch it，and then they woke up earlier than usual the next morning thanks to summer nights，the phenomenon in which the sun barely sets in northern countries in the summertime. That was nothing，though，compared to Germans，Italians，and the French，who stayed up around an hour and a half later on various days throughout the summer to watch the World Cup.

It should be made clear that not everyone has a tool to record their sleep patterns；in some of these nations，it's likely that only the richest people do. And people who elect to track their sleep may try to get more sleep than the average person. Even if that's the case，the above findings are still striking. If the most health-conscious among us have such deep swings（明显改变）in our sleep levels throughout the year，how much sleep are the rest of us losing？

【小题1】What do we learn about the Russians regarding sleep?
A. They don't fall asleep until very late.
B. They don't sleep much on weekends.
C. They sleep longer than people elsewhere.
D. They get less sleep on public holidays.
【小题2】The underlined word“deprivation”in the last paragraph but one means ___________.
A. depression B. loss
C. observation     D. trouble
【小题3】What is the most probable reason for some rich people to use a tool to record their sleep patterns?
A. They have trouble falling asleep.
B. They are involved in sleep research.
C. They want to get more sleep.
D. They want to go to bed on regular hours.
【小题4】What does the author imply in the last paragraph?
A. Sleeplessness does harm to people's health.
B. It is important to study our sleep patterns.
C. Few people really know the importance of sleep.
D. Average people probably sleep more than the rich.

   Leon，12，was born without fingers on his left hand. That didn't stop him from being able to do many tasks. But Leon could not grasp more than one object at a time. So Leon's father，Paul，created a prosthesis（义肢），using a3-D printer. Now Leon has fingers that can open and close. "It was a do-it-yourself，father and son adventure，" says Paul.

When Leon was a baby，his doctor advised his parents not to give him a prosthetic hand until he was in his early teens. "The doctor said Leon should first learn to get full use of the hand he was born with，"says Paul. As Leon got older，his father considered buying a prosthetic hand，which can cost as much as $30，000. Then Paul found a more affordable solution.

One day，Paul discovered a video on the Internet about Robohand，a prosthesis created by a 3--D printer. He downloaded the free instructions and called Robohand's creators for advice. They told him all he needed was a 3-D printer-which costs around $2，000 and some materials.

Luckily，Leon's school had recently bought a 3-D printer and it offered to help Paul build the hand for Leon. "We used a soccer shin pad（护胫），cardboard，and tape. They cost about $10，"says Paul.

With his new hand，Leon can do things better. "I can help my mom more，because now I can carry two grocery bags，"he says.

Leon's father has already built several hands for Leon. Leon helps design each one. He says there's one thing in particular that he wants to do with a future prosthesis. "The goal，"he tells the reporter from the local evening paper，"is to be able to tie my shoelaces（鞋带）".

【小题1】Why did Leon's doctor disapprove of his using a prosthesis in his childhood?

A．The prosthetic technology was underdeveloped then.

B．A prosthesis was very expensive at that time.

C．To learn to use the disabled hand was important.

D．The original hand could do many tasks.

【小题2】Leon's father managed to get Leon a new hand by _________.

A．collecting money on the Internet

B．buying a prosthetic hand

C．buying a 3-D printer

D．printing a hand

【小题3】The materials used for Leon's hand can be described as _______.

A．cheap and common

B．strange and valuable

C．personal and lovely

D．basic and solid

【小题4】What is the best title for the passage？

A．A DIY Enthusiast	B．A Helping Hand
C．A Great Adventure	D．A Lucky Escape

   You wouldn't think of driving your car to work in the morning with an empty tank of gas, yet thousands of parents send their children off to school without any breakfast.

"After an overnight fast of eight to twelve hours, the brain needs fuel, "said Joan Carter, manager for the Children's Nutrition Research Center in Houston.

The body breaks down food to produce this fuel in the form of glucose（葡萄糖）. Because glucose levels are associated with memory function, children can have difficulty focusing when they skip breakfast. Research shows that breakfast eaters tend to pay more attention to their teacher in class than those who rarely eat breakfast.

They tend to be more creative and better performers in school. They show more energy by late morning, have more strength and endurance, concentrate better, and are better at problem-solving. Children who are hungry can be slow or nervous during classroom activities or can appear disinterested when they have a difficult task to perform.

Researchers have also discovered that students who eat breakfast regularly tend to have better health overall.

They take in more vitamins and minerals, consume less fat and cholesterol（胆固醇）, and may even have less chance of becoming overweight than breakfast-skippers. Without breakfast, it's difficult for children to get the nutrients they need throughout the day. Research shows that nutrients missed at breakfast aren't made up for at other meals.

"Breakfast is the most important meal of the day and there's no excuse for not eating breakfast," Dr. Carter said. A piece of bread and a glass of milk take little time to prepare. If you are trying to lose weight, skipping breakfast is also a big mistake. You will be tired and hungry by mid-morning. Then you'll want to eat a snack that isn't healthy.

Breakfast should provide at least 1/4 to 1/3 of a child's daily needs for vitamins, minerals and calories. A nutritious breakfast also provides the sugar, protein and fat they need because they are continuously growing and changing. Parents should set a good example for children. "You can't run out the door without eating breakfast, yet insist that your kids sit down and eat something," Dr. Carter said.

【小题1】What can be inferred from the passage?

A．The brain cannot work properly at school without breakfast.

B．Breakfast-skippers are able to focus better because of hunger.

C．Hunger makes it difficult for the body to break down the food.

D．Breakfast eaters have a tendency to ignore their teachers in class.

【小题2】What is the fourth paragraph mainly about?

A．The importance of body shaping.

B．The relationship between breakfast and health.

C．The importance of getting enough nutrients for children.

D．The relationship between breakfast and school performance.

【小题3】Why is it wrong for the dieters to skip breakfast？

A．It leaves them short of energy to exercise all day.

B．It results in a lack of necessary nutrients they need.

C．It makes them have difficulty in performing well.

D．It contributes to more snack-consuming.

【小题4】How should parents teach children to have breakfast？

A．By eating breakfast regularly.

B．By preparing generous breakfast.

C．By running out without breakfast.

D．By giving them extra money for breakfast.

   AIDS may be one of the most undesirable diseases in the world. Luckily, there is now hope for AIDS patients. According to a recent paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Chinese scientists have successfully used CRISPR technology-a method of gene editing-to treat a patient with HIV. While it may not have cured the patient fully, it still represents a huge step forward in fighting the disease.

The patient was a 27-year-old Chinese man who was diagnosed with both AIDS and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a type of blood cancer. Despite his bleak situation, doctors offered him a glimmer of hope: a bone marrow (骨髓) transplant to treat his cancer and an experimental treatment for his HIV.

They edited the DNA in bone marrow stem cells from a donor before transplanting the cells into the patient. Specifically, the treatment involved using the gene-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 to delete a gene known as CCRS, which encodes a protein that HIV uses to get inside human cells. Without the gene, HIV is unable to enter cells. Talking about the gene, lead scientist Deng Hongkui told CNN, “After being edited, the cells-and the blood cells they produce-have the ability to resist HIV infection.” Nineteen months after the treatment, the patient’s leukemia was in complete relief and donor cells without CCR5 remained, according to the research paper.

Though the transplant did not cure the man’s HIV, it still showed the effectiveness of gene-editing technology, as there was no indication of any unintended genetic alterations (改变) -a major concern with past gene therapy experiments.

Amesh Adalja, a senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security in the United States, who was not involved in the study, praised the treatment. “They did a very innovative experiment, it was safe,” he told Live Science. “It should be viewed as a success.”

Deng believes gene-editing technology could “bring a new dawn” to blood-related diseases such as AIDS and sickle cell anemia. Thanks to this new technology, “the goal of a functional cure for AIDS is getting closer and closer,” he said.

【小题1】How did the new treatment fight against HIV?

A．By preventing HIV from entering cells.	B．By changing the structure of HIV.
C．By removing a protein that HIV feeds on.	D．By identifying and killing HIV.

【小题2】What was the result of the treatment?

A．CCR5 and other genes in the patient’s cells were changed.

B．Some of the patient’s blood cells could resist HIV infection.

C．HIV could no longer get into the patient’s cells.

D．The donor cells without CCR5 disappeared finally.

【小题3】What do we know about the experiment?

A．It has provided an innovative way to cure AIDS patients.

B．It pointed out the problems of gene therapy for AIDS.

C．It’s the first experiment to use gene-editing technology to treat AIDS.

D．It could offer a safe treatment for blood-related diseases.