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      普遍智力是施诸一切对象都灵验的,像一把同时可以打开许多种锁的钥匙;特殊智力是施诸某一种特殊对象才灵验的,像一把只能打开一种锁的钥匙。比如说,一个人的普遍智力高,无论读书、处事或作战、经商,都比低能人要强;可是读书、处事、作战、经商各需要一种特殊智力。尽管一个人件件都行,如果他的特殊智力在经商,他在经商方面的成就必比做其他事业都强。对于某一项有特殊智力,我们通常说,那一项为“性之所近”。一个人如果要专门做文学家就非性近于文学不可。如果性不相近而勉强去做文学家,成功的固然并非绝对没有,究竟是用违其才;不成功的却居多数,那就是精力的浪费了。世间有许多人走错门路,性不近于文学而强作文学家,耽误了他们在别方面可以有为的才力,实在很可惜。“诗人是天生的不是造作的”这句话,对于这种人确是一个很好的当头棒。

      ①但是这句话终有语病。天生的资禀只是潜能,要潜能现为事实,不能不假人力造作。好比花果的种子,天生就有一种资禀可以发芽成树,开花结实;但是种子有很多不发芽成树,开花结实的,因为缺乏人工的培养。种子能发芽成树,开花结实,有一大半要靠人力,不管它天资如何优良。人的资禀能否实现于学问事功的成就,也是如此。一个人纵然生来就有文学的特优资禀,如果他不下功夫修养,他必定是苗而不秀,华而不实。天才愈卓越,修养愈深厚,成就也就愈伟大。②比如说李白、杜甫对于诗不能说是无天才,可是读过他们的诗集的人都知道这两位大诗人所下的功夫。李白在人生哲学方面有道家的底子,在文学方面从《诗经》《楚辞》直到齐梁体诗,他没有不费苦心模拟过。杜诗无一字无来历世所共知。他自述经验说:“读书破万卷,下笔如有神。”西方大诗人像但丁、莎士比亚、歌德诸人,也没有一个不是修养出来的。莎士比亚是一般人公评为天才多于学问的,但是谁能测量他的学问的浅深?医生说,只有医生才能写出他的某一幕;律师说,只有学过法律的人才能了解他的某一剧的术语。你说他没有下功夫研究过医学、法学等等?我们都惊讶他的成熟作品的伟大,却忘记他的大半生精力都费在改编前人的剧本,在其中讨诀窍。这只是随便举几个例。完全是“天生的”而不经“造作”的诗人在历史上却无先例。  (节选自朱光潜《资禀与修养》)

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根据短文内容,从方框中选出恰当的单词或短语填空,使语意通顺完整。每个选项只能用一次,有两项剩余。

A. everyone  B. how long  C. weak      D. higher    E. instead of   F. However        

G. speed  H. left       I. until    J. lower    K. enjoyed   L. how far     





 Isaac Newton was born in  Woolsthorpe , England, on December 25,1642. He was born early and he was very____ .No one believed he could continue to live. But he surprised ____  . He had one of the most powerful minds in history. And he lived____he was 84.

 Newton's father died before he was born. His mother married again a few years later. She ____ Newton with his grandmother.

 The boy was not a good student .Yet he was curious(好奇的) and liked to make things ,such as kites, clocks and simple machines . Newton also____ finding new ways to answer questions or solve problems .As a boy ,for example, he wanted to find a way to measure(测量) the ____  of the wind .On a windy day , he measured how far he could jump with the wind at his back .Then he measured____ he could jump with the wind in his face .From the difference between the two jumps, he made his own measure of the power of the wind.

 Strangely ,Newton became a much better student after a boy kicked him in the stomach.The boy was one of the best students in the school.Newton decided to get even (报复) by getting ____ marks than the boy who kicked him .In a short time ,Newton became the top student at the school.

 Newton left school to help on the family farm.____ , the boy was not a good farmer.He spent his time solving math problems. Instead of taking care of the farm. He spent hours visiting a bookstore in town, ____   selling his vegetables in the market.An uncle believed that Newton would do better as a student than as a farmer.So he sponsored(资助) the young man into Cambridge University to study math.