The Case for and Against Homework

Homework is typically defined as" any tasks given to students by school teachers that are meant to be carried out during afterschool hours". Homework has been a hot topic of debate in education. Throughout the first decade of the 20th century, educators commonly believed that homework helped create disciplined（遵守纪律的）minds. 【小题1】Since then, arguments for and against homework have continued to grow.

A number of studies have been carried out on homework. Two analyses by Cooper and his colleagues are the most comprehensive（全面的）.They concluded that the relationship between homework and students' achievements was found to be positive. 【小题2】

【小题3】The authors of How Homework Is Hurting Our Children and What We Can Do About It criticized both the quantity and quality of homework. They provided evidence that too much homework harms students’ health and family time. They insisted that teachers reduce the amount of homework and avoid homework over breaks and holidays.

One of the most controversial（有争议的）problems in the homework debate is the amount of time students should spend on homework. Researchers have offered various suggestions.【小题4】 Another question regarding homework is the degree to which schools should involve parents. Some studies have reported minimal positive effects or even negative effects of parental involvement.【小题5】

Finally, homework should cause students and their parents or other family members to take part in conversations and thus help the students' learning.

Advantages of School Uniforms

Many public school systems across the country are instituting school uniforms in an effort to improve overall school performance and to reduce negative behavior. Standardized school clothing has become a heated national debate. 【小题1】.

Cost

In some cases, the use of school uniforms is more affordable to families because there is not as much pressure as to buy expensive, trendy clothing. 【小题2】. After the initial cost of buying uniforms, there is no need to spend more money on clothing.

Behavioral Outcomes

【小题3】. They believe that uniforms form a stricter atmosphere and that students who wear uniforms are more likely to follow school rules. The US Department of Education maintains that the mandatory（强制的）use of standardized dress reduces violence within the school.

【小题4】

Many educators believe that students who wear school uniforms perform better academically in school. Students are often so focused on their clothes that they distract themselves from learning. Many parents find that their children spend a great deal of time planning and choosing their daily clothing and that uniforms allow students to use this period of time to study.

Social Outcomes

【小题5】. Some experts believe that school uniforms improve the social outcomes in a school environment as well. People sometimes judge others by their clothing. Children are often laughed at by other children because of the way they dress. Many children use clothing to express and define themselves. School uniforms relieve students from the pressure to fit in.

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