Are some people born clever, and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experience? Strangely enough, the answer to these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given to us at birth, and no amount of education can make a genius out of a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. While the limits of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways.
It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people at random(随机地) from population, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If, on the other hand, we take two identical twins, they will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.
Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.
【小题1】Which best describes the writer’s point in Para.1?

A．Intelligence is given at birth.

B．Intelligence is developed by the environment.

C．Intelligence is fixed at birth, but is developed by the environment.

D．Some people are born clever and others born stupid.

【小题2】It is suggested in this passage that __________.

A．close relations usually have similar intelligence

B．unrelated people are not likely to have similar intelligence

C．the closer the blood relationship between people, the more different they are likely to be in intelligence

D．people who live in close contact with each other are not likely to have similar degrees of intelligence

【小题3】The example of the twins going to a university and to a factory separately shows_________.

A．the importance of their intelligence

B．the effect of environment on intelligence

C．the importance of their positions

D．the part that birth plays

【小题4】The best title for this article would be “_____________”.

A．On Intelligence

B．What Intelligence Means

C．Born with Intelligence

D．Environment Decides Intelligence

   Storing food is common in members of the crow family. A new study tested the birds outside for this naturally occurring behavior, which may have evolved（进化）specifically because it gives crows a survival advantage. Some crow species are known to naturally use tools to recover food. So the researchers tested whether the birds could store and recover a tool so they could use it to find their food after a gap of 17 hours — something we wouldn’t expect them to do naturally. But they were able to instantly select the tool out of a number of unnecessary items.

In another experiment, the researchers taught crows to select a token（礼品券）from a number of items so that they could then exchange it for food. Again, the birds then showed that they could plan for the future using this new behaviour. This is different from all of the previous studies in future planning, which have focused on naturally occurring behaviour. For example, we know that chimpanzees select, transport and save appropriate tools for future needs.

These studies have shown that animals can plan for the future — but they leave an important question open for debate. Are animals only able to plan to use abilities that have evolved to give them a specific advantage, or can they flexibly and intelligently apply planning behaviour across various actions? Most critics would say the former, as the animals were tested in naturally occurring behaviour.

But the new research provides the first evidence that animal species can plan for the future using behaviour that doesn’t typically occur in nature. This supports the view that at least some recognitive（认知的）abilities in animals don’t evolve just in response to specific problems. Instead, it suggests that animals can apply these behaviour flexibly across problems in a similar way to humans. We need to study how flexible behaviour evolved. Then we might be able to see how crows’ ability to plan for the future fits in with their broader cognitive powers.

【小题1】What’s the new finding about some crows according to Paragraph 1?

A．They can store food.	B．They can use tools to recover food.
C．They can store and recover tools.	D．They can select and store food.

【小题2】What are crows trained by researchers to do when given a token?

A．Reject it casually.	B．Exchange it for food.
C．Save it as their food.	D．Build a nest with it.

【小题3】What can we infer about the studies that animals can plan for the future?

A．They are debatable.	B．They are disappointing.
C．They are logical.	D．They are convincing.

【小题4】What can be learned about flexible behaviour in animals?

A．It develops only with age.	B．It is unclear how it evolved.
C．No animals but crows benefit from it.	D．It helps plan for the future.

语法填空

EQ is a way of 【小题1】（measure） how a person recognizes emotions in himself or herself and others , and makes these emotional states work better as a group or team. IQ is a value that 【小题2】（indicate） a person's ability to learn, understand, and apply information and skills in a meaningful way. The major 【小题3】（differ）between EQ and IQ is what part of a person's mental abilities they measure; understanding emotions or understanding information.

According to some 【小题4】（theory）of brain function, a high EQ means someone is self-confident ,self-aware, and able to handle difficult emotional experiences. It is often tied directly 【小题5】 the degree of success a person may have in the workplace and in 【小题6】（person）relationships. People with high EQs can often better recognize and control their own emotions, and recognize  emotional states of others 【小题7】（adjust）their behavior accordingly.

A person's IQ, on the other hand, measures concepts like logical reasoning and math skills rather than creative potential or emotional abilities. People with high IQs may be able to learn certain subjects very quickly and make connections between ideas 【小题8】 will be missed by others. They often have great academic success, 【小题9】 they may struggle to find classes that challenge them. The ability to acquire knowledge does not 【小题10】（necessary）mean people can recognize and manage their own emotional states , however.

   It is a hot summer day， and you feel thirsty. A friend gives you a glass of cold lemonade. How do you feel when you see the glass? Will you describe your feeling as happiness or as pleasure? I believe you will say it is a feeling of pleasure. There is a connection between these two kinds of feelings，and sometimes one causes the other， but they are not the same. Pleasure is more dependent on the five senses while happiness is independent of them.

When you are happy，unpleasant events usually do not disturb you. When you are unhappy，you feel as if everything is against you. You may compensate for it by eating chocolate and sweets because this gives you pleasure，yet you still stay unhappy. A person may smoke cigarettes because it gives him pleasure，yet this does not make him happier，especially if he knows the fact that it is not good for his health.

The physical world is always in a changing state. At each moment a new thing is being created，changed， transformed and then destroyed. This is the normal state of things and no one can change it. If we stay still in a certain state， we are sure to experience unhappiness sooner or later. On the other hand，if we adapt to the environment，nothing can influence our moods. Then outer events have nothing to do with our inner joy of mind.

The room of the mind is filled with worry or fear. If you are free of thinking about them，the room will be empty，and then you will see what is happening and experience it. When your mind stays quiet，you will see that happiness comes from the inside.

【小题1】What does the underlined phrase “compensate for”in Paragraph 2 most probably mean?

A．Making a suitable payment.

B．Dealing with.

C．Providing with a balancing effect.

D．Solving the problems.

【小题2】According to the passage，in which of the following situations can you feel happy?

A．A friend gives you a glass of cold lemonade when you feel thirsty.

B．You eat chocolate and sweets when you feel as if everything is against you.

C．Smoke cigarettes even though you know the fact that it is not good for your health.

D．You are free from worry or fear when your mind stays quiet.

【小题3】We can learn from the passage________.

A．happiness is more dependent on the five senses

B．pleasure sometimes arouses happiness

C．you feel happy when nothing around you stays still in a certain state

D．you feel unhappy because you have to adapt to the environment

【小题4】Which can be the best title for the passage?

A．Pleasure Leads to Happiness

B．Happiness Changes Us

C．Happiness Is Within Us

D．Stay a Quiet Mind

   The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid---we simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.

However, several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard (蜥蜴)native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water’s surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, we，d need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate w hitting. ’’

But fortunately there is an alternative : cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot), you can create a “non-Newtonian” liquid that doesn’t behave like normal water. Now, if the surface of the water is hit hard enough, particles(粒子）in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick Liquid of cornflour.

Fun though all this may sound, it’s still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice. If you must do it, then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink--and take a shower afterward!

【小题1】Walking on water hasn’t become a reality mainly because humans______.

A．are not interested in it

B．have biological limitations

C．have not invented proper tools

D．are afraid to make an attempt

【小题2】What do we know about Basilicus basilicus from the passage?

A．It is light enough to walk on water.

B．Its huge feet enable it to stay above water.

C．It can run across water at a certain speed.

D．Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water.

【小题3】What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage?

A．To create a thick liquid.

B．To turn the water into solid.

C．To help the liquid behave normally.

D．To enable the water to move rapidly.

【小题4】What is the author’s attitude toward the idea of humans’ walking on water?

A．It is risky but beneficial.

B．It is interesting and worth trying.

C．It is crazy and cannot become a reality.

D．It is impractical though theoretically possible.