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“幸福悖论”的道德反思

    “幸福悖论”,指幸福增长与经济增长的相关性不一致问题,也即通常所说的更多财富没有带来更大幸福。随着能源危机、资源短缺与环境污染等问题的日趋严峻,与生活质量相关的幸福问题受到越来越多的关注,西方国家自20世纪50年代以来即开展了幸福指数的相关调查研究。

    l974年,美国南加州大学经济学教授理查德•伊斯特林发表了著名论文——《经济增长可以在多大程度上提高人们的快乐》,提出收入增加并不一定导致快乐增加,这一论点被称为“伊斯特林悖论”,也称“幸福悖论”“幸福——收入之谜”。国家之间的比较研究以及长期的动态研究表明,人均收入的高低同平均快乐水平之间没有明显的关系。在收入达到某一点以前,快乐随收入增加而增长,但超过那一点后,这种关系却并不明显。在任何一个国家内部,人们的平均收入和平均快乐之间也没有明显的关系,包括文化特征在内的许多其他因素会影响快乐。作为社会福利衡量指标的国民生产总值没有能将一些看不见的,但又非常重要的东西纳入衡量之列,如内心的平静和幸福,而这恰恰被许多人当作生活的最终目标。

    “幸福悖论”问题的出现有着深刻的理论根源和切实的经验依据。传统的经济学认为,增加财富是增加幸福的主要方式。首先,财富的增加使人们有可能根据自己的意愿选择购买消费的物品;其次,更多的财富给了人们更多的选择的权力,人们可以自由地选择消费或不消费某些商品,因此,更多的财富会带来更大的幸福。在人们的日常生活中,金钱和财富成为幸福的代名词。一般说来,随着经济的发展,人民的幸福感应该增强,特别是在社会生产力发展水平不是很高,人们收入较少,处于贫穷阶段时,收入的增加、财富的增长无疑是人们幸福生活的重要影响因子。但是,物质丰裕并不是幸福的充分条件,人不仅要活着,而且要活得有意义和价值。幸福是快乐和意义的结合,温饱问题得到解决后,精神上的追求就显得愈益迫切。如果人们依然把物质财富的增长与积累作为生活的唯一目标,人类的精神和道德发展自然就被放逐而沦亡。有学者认为“当今社会虽然变富了,可是没有更快乐,就是因为许多人不懂得人生真谛,正在做钱的奴隶而变得痛苦。造成这种情况的原因是多方面的。把所有工作的出发点和归宿都锁定在物质财富的增加上,其实就是把钱当作唯一的目标,无疑起了不好的作用”。

    “幸福悖论”并不是真正的逻辑悖论,其之所以作为悖论而引起人们的关注,恰恰体现了人类生活的丰富性、复杂性和统一性,同时也提示我们,人类对幸福的认知仍处于启蒙阶段。

(选自《求实》,有删改)

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    Recently actor Adrien Grenier has launched(发动)a campaign to reduce the amount of single-use plastic usage in order to protect and save marine (海洋的)wildlife and the environment. Plastic drinking straws are among many single-use plastic products contributing to the great loss of marine life, but they're a great place to start because they're something that are used by millions of Americans who are unaware that they're so damaging.

    Americans use more than 500 million straws daily, which is enough to fill 127 school buses each day and they can't be recycled. That means plastic straws might end up in oceans, where fish and other marine wildlife mistake the small bits for food and swallow them. After seeing a photo of a beached whale with a belly full of plastic, Grenier felt the inspiration to launch the Lonely Whale Foundation, hoping to inspire and educate others on the challenges faced by marine wildlife.

    Along with stopping the use of straws, Grenier hopes to educate consumer on the dangers of other single-use plastic items such as grocery bags and water bottles. While many Americans use these plastic products in their daily life, there are many alternatives that can help protect the environment such as straws made from stainless steel, glass, and even bamboo instead of plastic.

    In addition to quitting your straw habit, you can further help the environment by taking the I Choose to Reuse commitment, and stop your use of single-use coffee cups, checkout bags and bottled water. Instead, take advantage of any number of alternative reusable products.

    Need another reason to stop drinking from straws? Grenier also says using straws can cause wrinkles!