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      Peru(秘鲁)is the fifth largest Latin American country with a people of 14, 430, 000. Almost half of these people live in the city areas(地区). Around Lima, there were 20% of the total (总数) population in 1961. The population here grew faster than anywhere else and in another 35 years reached 1/3 of the total population.

      About 45% of the people are Indians and 50% are white or mixed（混合人种）and the others are Asians, Negroes(黑人)or people from other countries.

      In island areas, only about half of the people can read and write, but at the places near the sea, 2/3 of the people can read and write.

一位社会学家曾说：“思想是行动的基础。”能够佐证这一观点的有（    ）

①新航路开辟使世界开始走向一个整体；

②文艺复兴推动了近代科学革命的发展；

③启蒙运动为法国大革命奠定思想基础；

④马克思主义为***成立准备了思想条件。

In 1638, John Harvard donated some money and about four hundred books to a new university. This was the beginning of the library at Harvard University. The gift was so important that the university was named for John Harvard.
Thomas Bray began the first free lending library in the late 1600s. He set up more than 30 or these libraries in the American colonies. However, the idea for this kind of free library ended when Bray died in 1730. In 1731, Benjamin Franklin and some friends started the first subscription（订阅费） library in the United States. In a subscription library people pay money to become members, but they may borrow the books without paying again.
In the United States, every child had a free education. This idea soon led to free libraries. One of the first libraries that used tax money to buy books was a library in Peterborough, New Hampshire. This library was set up in 1833.

温度计中的液柱随温度的变化而升降的微观原因是           （     ）