—I guess Tom did it, for he was on duty today.

中共中央******作出重要指示,要求全力侦破暴恐案件,依法从严惩处暴恐分子;国务院总理***对处置工作作出批示,要求抓紧追捕和坚决严惩暴徒,各地公安机关要加强治安防控措施,做好人群密集的公共场所防范工作。从国家性质上看,这说明（  ）

    On August 26,1999,New York City experienced a torrential downpour.The rain caused the streets to1and the subway system almost came to a stop.

    Unfortunately, this happened during the morning rush hour.Many people who were going to work were2to go home.Some battled to3a taxi or to get on a bus.Still others faced the4bravely,walking miles to get to work.

    I 5 to be one of the people on the way to work that morning.I went from subway line to subway line only to find that most6had stopped.After making my way7crowds of people,I finally found a subway line that was 8.Unfortunately,there were so many people waiting to9the subway that I could not even get down the stairs to the10.So I took the train going in the opposite direction,and then switch back to the downtown train.Finally,after what seemed like an forever,the train11my stop.Then I had to walk several blocks in the increasingly heavy rain. When I finally got to my office,I was12through,exhausted and13.

    My co-workers and I spent most of the day drying off.When it was 5:00 pm,I was ready to go home.I was about to turn off my computer14I received an email from Garth,my Director:

    I would like to thank all of you who made the effort and15reported to work.It is always reassuring（今人欣慰）,at times like these,when employees so clearly show their16to their jobs.Thank you.

    Garth's email was short, but I learned more from that17message than I ever did from a textbook.The email taught me that a few words of18can make a big difference.The rainstorm and the traffic19had made me tired and upset.But Garth's words immediately20me and put a smile back on my face.

阅读材料，完成下列要求。

材料一：为什么欧洲的贸易和商品经济孕育了资本主义的萌芽而且后来显然促进了社会转型，使以土地为核心要素的农业社会演进到以资本为核心要素的工业社会？这应该是农业、手工业、商业、城市和地理环境等多种因素共同作用的结果。一方面，自11世纪以后，欧洲农业耕作技术与生产率得到大幅度提高，11至13世纪的拓边殖民运动也使得耕种面积不断扩大，从而保障了人口数量的迅速增加；另一方面，14世纪中期前，欧洲人口对土地的压力一直存在，农业技术的进步节省了劳动力，使得一部分人从旧有的土地经营中摆脱出来，人口开始大量流动，从而带来了商业贸易的机会，而商业的复兴刺激了城市的兴起。“因而我们认为中世纪市场经济的发展与扩张，是对因人口增长而变成可靠的专业化和贸易所带来的机会的直接反应。”

——摘编自萧国亮等编著《世界经济史》等

材料二：由宋元至明清，中国人口数量呈波浪式上升趋势，与此同时土地利用范围也在不断扩大，一方面出现了各种类型的田地，另一方面也不断开辟边疆、山区和海岛。清代江西、湖广、广东、四川、陕西、贵州等地的破产流民源源不断进入川、陕、楚三省边界地区，于是“老林渐开”，“可种之土愈广”，且“多资木箱、盐井、铁厂、纸厂、煤厂、佣工为生”，促进了手工业的发展。商业方面，中国古代社会一直存在着为交换目的而进行的商品生产，但规模都不一定很大。与此同时，大量非商品生产者的产品进入市场交换，从而带动了商业的繁盛。明清时期，中国江南和东南沿海个别城市或某些山区的手工业部门中首先稀疏地出现了资本主义萌芽，并缓慢增长，逐步渗透到农业经济领域中。19世纪中期以后，外国机制商品开始涌入，中国传统耕织结合的自然经济基础被逐步瓦解。

——摘编自郑学檬《简明中国经济通史》等