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Finding the Real You

    Psychometric testing—personality testing—has been very popular nowadays as studies show their results to be three times more accurate in predicting your job performance. These tests are now included in almost all graduate recruitment (招聘) and are widely used in the selection of managers.

    The most popular of these personality tests is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). It is based on the theory that we are born with a tendency to one personality type which stays more or less fixed throughout life. You answer 88 questions and are then given your “type”, such as Outgoing or Quiet, Feeling or Thinking.

    Critics of personality testing raise doubts about “social engineering”. Psychologist Dr. Colin Gill warns that the “popular” personality traits (特性) have their disadvantages. “People who are extremely open to new experiences can be butterflies, going from one idea to the next without mastering any of them.” However, the psychometric test is here to stay, which may be why a whole sub-industry on cheating personality tests has sprung up. “It's possible to cheat,” admits Gill, “but having to pretend to be the person you are at work will be tiring and unhappy and probably short-lived.”

    So can we change our personality? “Your basic personalities fixed by the time you're 21,”says Gill, “but it can be affected by motivation and intelligence. If you didn't have the personality type to be a doctor but desperately wanted to be one and were intelligent enough to master the skills, you could still go ahead. But trying to go too much against type for too long requires much energy and is actually to be suffered for long. I think it's why we're seeing this trend for downshifting—too many people trying to fit into a type that they aren't really suited for.”

    Our interest in personality now exists in every part of our lives. If you ask an expert for advice on anything, you'll probably be quizzed about your personality. But if personality tests have any value to us, perhaps it is to free us from the idea that all of us are full of potential, and remind us of what we are. As they say in one test when they ask for your age: pick the one you are, not the one you wish you were.

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中国普通护照的演变

1949年~1958年

护照中的外文先后有法文、英文、俄文标识。护照号码多为6位印别号码,护照签发量不大,多前往以苏联汽首的东欧国家。防伪手段几乎为零。

1959年~1978年

逐渐将护照中的俄文改为法文,外文为英文、法文两种文字。护照开始增加简单防伪特征,如水印、凹版印刷等。这一时段因私护照几乎为零,护照制度建设基本处于停滞阶段。

1978年~1990年

这一时期护照将之前护照中的“本护照前往下列国家和地区有效”文字改为“本护照前往世界各国有效”;护照号码也逐渐升至7位数号码,新中国迎来了公民因私出国的第一个高潮。1980年国务院批准《中华人民共和国护照签证条例》,才有了专门的法律规定护照的颁发管理。

1990年~2000年

中国护照逐渐按照国际民航组织的护照标准设计,97版采用数码技术、激光打印等防伪手段。护照号码由7位升为9位。

2000年以后

普通护照签发数量又迎来一次新的高潮,2005年签发的400万本护照中,80%是因私护照。2006年颁布《中华人民共和国护照法》,对申领护照的当事人和相应工作人员的法律责任等作了详尽规定。2012年5月启用电子护照,我国护照签发已迈入全数字化的新时代。

——据李悦勤《中国普通护照的演变与发展探析》等

上表能够反映我国护照变化的多种趋势。指出其中一种变化趋势并说明形成的历史原因。