Norman Garmezy, a development psychologist at the University of Minnesota, met thousands of children in his four decades of research. A nine-year-old boy in particular stuck with him. He has an alcoholic mother and an absent father. But each day he would walk in to school with a smile on his face. He wanted to make sure that "no one would feel pity for him and no one would know his mother's incompetence.” The boy exhibited a quality Garmezy identified as “resilience”.

    Resilience presents a challenge for psychologists. People who are lucky enough to never experience any sort of adversity (逆境) won't know how resilient they are. It's only when they're faced with obstacles, stress, and other environmental threats that resilience, or the lack of it, comes out. Some give in and some conquer.

    Garmezy's work opened the door to the study of the elements that could enable an individual's success despite the challenges they faced. His research indicated that some elements had to do with luck, but quite large set of elements was psychological, and had to do with how the children responded to the environment. The resilient children had what psychologists call an “internal lens of control(内控点)”. They believed that they, and not their circumstances, affected their achievements. The resilient children saw themselves as the arrangers of their own fates.

    Ceorge Bonanno has been studying resilience for years at Columbia University's Teachers College. He found that some people are far better than others at dealing with adversity. This difference might come from perception(认知) whether they think of an event as traumatic(创伤), or as an opportunity to learn and grow. “Stressful” or “traumatic” events themselves don't have much predictive power when it comes to life outcomes. "Exposure to potentially traumatic events does not predict later functioning,” Bonanno said. "It's only predictive if there's a negative response.” In other words, living through adversity doesn't guarantee that you'll suffer going forward.

    The good news is that positive perception can be taught. "We can make ourselves more or less easily hurt by how we think about things," Bonanno said. In research at Columbia, the neuroscientist Kevin Ochsner has shown that teaching people to think of adversity in different ways--to reframe it in positive terms when the initial response is negative, or in a less emotional way when the initial response is emotionally “hot”---changes how they experience and react to the adversity.

    The first time I played basketball, I was 8 years old. I played in my community where I grew up, and there were never referees（裁判）. I didn't know the rules. ____ I always wanted to stay after the game and continue to play basketball.

    I grew up in a single-parent home with no father around, no brothers or sisters. ____ Sports gave me an opportunity to forget all that I had gone through during my childhood.

    ____ One was the trust of the guys who were playing. It was passing the ball to friends and seeing their joy after making a basket. The other was competition, which is different from opposition. When I was in fifth grade, I wanted to be in the NBA.____

    When I was 14, my coach would tell others that I was the best kid he had ever seen, and that I had NBA potential（潜力）. From then on, I got bigger and bigger. I loved the game more and more. I had the greatest time of my life playing basketball in high school.

    ____ There are no shortcuts（捷径）. My teammates and I come from different walks of life and in different shapes and sizes, but we all put in the time. We do that for the joy of being out on the basketball court. And we've achieved a lot in the field.

A. It's a natural habit.

B. But I knew I loved it.

C. We always had difficulty paying our bills.

D. I thought, I guess I'm doing the right thing.

E. You have to dream something to make it a reality.

F. I fell in love with basketball mainly for two reasons.

G. In basketball, you get back what you give to the game.

学问源于乐趣，藏宝最终散尽

    曾有一种说法，21世纪可能还会出现个钱钟书，王世襄是出不了了。

    2009年11月28日，著名文物专家、学者、文物鉴赏家、收藏家王世襄因病医治无效在北京去世，享年95岁。王世襄的离世，意味着中国又一位标志性文化老人的陨落。

    王世襄生于1914年。他的曾祖父、祖父、父亲都曾是朝中大官，母亲出身书香门第。他年轻时就在燕京大学读书。王世襄虽然出身名门，拥有很好的教育背景，对书画、陶瓷这些也都较为精通，但是他更关注社会底层的文娱活动，如捉獾、养鸽、驯鹰、养狗等。然而，他的很多关于这方面的研究却并没有被一般人看成是学问。

    王世襄是杂家也是通家。他的许多学问最初都起源于乐趣。王世襄生前有一句名言：“一个人如果连玩都玩不好，还有可能把工作干好吗？”他被称为“京城第一玩家”．少年的“王家二少爷”养狗、玩葫芦、养鸣虫，在京城可算是小有名气。他玩过一只白鹰，是鹰中绝品，当时叫价一百块钱，而当时一袋面粉才两块五。王世襄平生头一次借钱，买走了这只白鹰。

    王世襄的心思从小就不在学业上，他对自己的评价是：我自幼及壮，从小学到大学，始终是玩物丧志，业荒于嬉。但启功先生却不认同这种说法，他曾说，王世襄先生的“玩物”是“研物”，许多被人看作是玩的东西，在王世襄眼里都是学问。王世襄曾说：人生价值不在于据有事物，而在于观察赏析，有所发现，使之上升为知识，有助于文化研究。

    即使是“雕虫小技”，王世襄都能玩出道道。他曾经出版过《中国金鱼文化》《竹刻艺术》《北京鸽哨》等。他收藏的东西除了像家具这样的大家伙，还包括蛐蛐罐、鸽哨这样的小玩意，他在这些方面的研究同样也都非常精深。2000年，王世襄将自己一生所写的大部分文章交由三联书店以“锦灰堆”为名出版，书中涉及家具、漆具、竹刻、工艺、则例、书画、雕塑、舞乐、忆往、游艺、饮食、杂稿等十二类。

    王世襄于1940年曾应梁思成之邀加入中国营造学社，在国难频仍的年代，他们在荒野中寻找中华文明存在的久远证据，将历史传统缝合。1945年8月，日本投降。经当时故宫博物院院长马衡和梁思成推荐，王世襄被派遣回北平清查战乱中损失的文物。当时，许多日本和德国文物贩子与收藏家在中国收买文物，伺机盗运出境。王世襄宴请了四五十位知名的古玩商，请他们提供线索。他得知河南某地出土的青铜器多数被德国人杨宁史买去，于是通过他父亲的友人找到宋子文详陈原委，最终没收了杨宁史的240件青铜器，其中包括价值连城的“宴乐渔猎攻战铜壶”、“商饕餮纹大钺”等。

    文革时期，王世襄跑到国家文物局，请求文物局的“内行红卫兵”前来抄家，就此保住了大批文物。

    王世襄毕生为追回国宝而努力，收藏了那么多宝贝，却在晚年全部拍卖回流到社会。王世襄选择了“散尽”，这些宝贝也有了更多前世今生。

    王世襄自称“书呆子”，在“反右”已经开始的情况下，他还热情地邀约黄苗子、郁风以及漫画家张光宇来自己的四合院“芳嘉园”住。小院越来越热闹，成为二十世纪五六十年代京城文化圈里一个不可多得的雅致场所。但由于人越来越多，王世襄便将宝物缩回一间漏雨的小屋，将数十件形态、大小各异明清家具塞满狭小的空间。两个明代的柜子被王世襄拼在一起，他和老伴袁荃猷睡在里面，以至黄苗子专为这张特殊的“大床”写了一幅对联---移门好就橱当榻，仰屋常愁雨湿书，横批---斯是陋室。

    有一件物什是王世襄始终珍藏的，那就是他与夫人用了多年的买菜的提筐。2003年，妻子去世，王世襄在怀念亡妻的诗中，深情地回忆与妻“提筐双弯梁，并行各挈一”的情景。他还说，到将来自己辞世之后，请人把这个提筐放在他们俩的墓穴中间，能与妻子“生死永相匹”。

著名教育专家朱和平曾说过：“心的距离靠什么拉近?对你的老师付出真情，对你的学生无怨无悔，两颗心的方程式只有用“情’配平。’’这说明(       )