时空观念是在特定的时间联系和空间联系中对事物进行观察、分析的意识和思维方式，只有在特定的时空框架当中，才可能对史事有准确的理解。阅读材料，回答问题。

材料一：公元220年，曹丕废掉汉献帝，自称皇帝，国号魏，东汉结束。第二年，刘备在成都称帝，国号汉，史称蜀。222年，孙权称王，国号吴。三国鼎立局面形成。266年司马炎篡夺皇位，建立晋朝，史称“西晋”。280年，西晋军队灭掉了吴国，结束了分裂局面。316年西晋灭亡，第二年，皇族司马睿重建晋朝，都城在健康。

    公元439年，我国东北地区鲜卑族建立的北魏统一了黄河流域。北魏建立后，定都平城（今山西大同），平城的地理位置不利于北魏对中原广大地区的统治，也不利于鲜卑族学习和接受汉族先进的文化。494年北魏孝文帝进行了迁都。孝文帝迁都之前，进行了政治、经济改革，迁都后进一步实行改革。

﹣﹣摘编自人教版《中国历史•7年级上册》

材料二：（见下图，摘编自中国地图出版社《中国历史地图册•7年级上册》）

材料三：15世纪，欧洲人梦想去东方发财，开始探寻前往东方的新航路。1487年，迪亚士率领船队沿非洲西海岸向南航行，到达非洲南端好望角。1492年，哥伦布受西班牙王室支持，率船队从西班牙启程，横渡大西洋，到达今天美洲的古巴、海地等地。1497﹣1498年葡萄牙人达•伽马率船队沿着迪亚士船队的航线，到达印度等地，获得无数财富。1519﹣1522年麦哲伦率领的船队，穿越大西洋、太平洋和印度洋，返回欧洲，完成了环球航行。16世纪初，航海家亚美利哥到达美洲。这块新大陆以他的名字命名。

﹣﹣摘编自人教版《世界历史•9年级上册》

材料四：（见下图，摘编自人教版《世界历史•9年级上册》）

依次填入下面一段文字横线处的语句，衔接最恰当的一组是（      ）

孔子认为，“仁”不只是个人的修养问题，它也是人与人的相处之道。                   而要做到这一点，为政者必须要端正自己。

①因此，孔子进一步提出了“仁者爱人”的思想。

②而为政者最主要的责任，就是用道德感化来治理国家。

③孔子认为用一句话来说，就是“己所不欲，勿施于人”，即不把自己不想要的强加给别人。

④怎样才能达到这种“仁”呢？

⑤在此基础上，孔子又将“仁”的思想提升到理想社会的高度，即建立一个充满仁爱的社会。

⑥从更积极的角度说，还要“己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”（《雍也》）。

如果△=2，○=3，□=5，那么

□+○+△=____       

△+○-□=____

△+△-○=____       

□+□-□=____

阅读理解

    It's a popular belief that a fish's memory lasts for only seven seconds. It may seem sad to think that they don't remember what they've eaten or where they've been, and they don't recognize you or any of their friends — every moment in their life would be like seeing the world for the first time.

    But don't be so quick to feel sorry for them. A new study has found that fish have a much better memory than we used to think. In fact, certain species of fish can even remember events from as long as 12 days ago.

    In the study, researchers from MacEwan University in Canada trained a kind of fish called African cichlids to go to a certain area of their tank to get food. They then waited for 12 days before putting them back in the tank again.

    Researchers used computer software to monitor the fish's movements. They found that after such a long break the fish still went to the same place where they first got food. This suggested that they could remember their past experiences.

    In fact, scientists had been thinking for a long time that African cichlids might have a good memory. An earlier study showed that they behaved aggressively（挑衅地） in front of certain fish, perhaps because they remembered their past “fights”. But until the latest findings, there was no clear evidence.

    Just as a good memory can make our lives easier, it also plays an important part when a fish is trying to survive in the wild.

    “If fish are able to remember that a certain area contains safe food, they will be able to go back to that area without putting their lives at risks,” lead researcher Trevor Hamilton told Live Science.

    For a long time, fish were placed far below chimpanzees, dolphins and mice on the list of smart animals. But this study has given scientists a new understanding of their intelligence.