题干

阅读下列材料:

材料一:罗马向海外扩张过程中,在所征服地区建立行省来统治当地人民……各个行省都派驻总督治理……总督拥有该行省的军事、民政和司法全权……这就为行省总督溢用职权,横行不法,搜钱刮财,提供了便利条件。

十二铜表法基本上是习惯法的汇编。起初,十二钢表法以及其他的法律规范仅仅适用于罗马公民,居住在罗马的外邦人受不到法律保护,故称市民法。……随着罗马对外扩张以及国际交往和商业的发展,罗马公民同外邦人和被征服地区居民在法律上的矛盾和纠纷日益增多,同时产生需要局部承认外邦人等的合法权利并予以法律保护的问题……逐渐形成了万民法。万民法实际上是罗马统治范围内的国际法。

——吴于廑、齐世荣主编《世界史咕代史编》

材料二:忽必烈即位初期……委派重臣以中书省官“行某处省事”名义,到地方行使中书省职权……随着大规模征服战争的结束,行省由临时派出处理军政事务的机构,逐步过渡为地方最高政府,但仍长期保留着派出机构的性质。

——樊树志《国史概要》

材料三:元朝的中央与地方行政机构基本仿照汉法,以加强中央集权,防止地方分裂为前提……地方行政机构是行中书省,简称行省。

成吉思汗时代的法令,还没有形成系统的法典,在实践中,蒙古部落的习惯法还占据着统治地位。至元二十八年(1291年),编成《至元新格》,这是元朝的第一部法典。元仁宗时,编成《风宪宏纲》——元英宗时,以《风宪宏纲》为基础,修成《大元通制》。与此几乎同时,又出现了《大元圣政国朝典章》,简称《元典章》。元顺帝至正六年(1346年),还颁布了《至正条格》,其类目与《大元通制》相似。

元世祖时,明令把全国人分为四等:第一等是蒙古人,第二等是色目人,第三等是汉人,第四等是南人。这四等人在政治待遇、法律地位、经济负担以及其他权利义务上都有种种不平等的规定。

——摘编自朱绍侯、张海鹏、齐涛生编《中国古代史》

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    A new phone app uses shaking from smartphones to warn people about earthquakes. The new app is called MyShake, which is the work of four researchers at the University of California. Berkeley.

    Smartphones are equipped with accelerometers(加速器). MyShake uses phone accelerometers to measure seismic (地震的) activity. It has been programmed to know the difference between normal activity and earthquake movement. The software developers say their app is right 93 percent of the time. A smartphone sends seismic information to the app developers. If the developers receive several warnings from one area, it recognizes that an earthquake may be taking place or will take place soon. Using information sent from the app, the network then judges the location and strength of the quake in real time. MyShake can record 5.0 earthquake at distances of 10 kilometers or less.

    MyShake uses very little power, according to its developers. Only when seismic activity is sensed by the app does it become active and sends data to the network. The app works best when your phone is resting on a flat surface, like a table.

    The developers hope that MyShake can add to information collected by the U.S Geological Survey. That U.S agency has created the Earthquake Early Warning System, also known as the EEW. The EEW has used sensors for measuring quakes in many areas. In places where no such equipment exists, MyShake may be the only method of early quake detection (发现). The app also shows ways to stay safer during an earthquake. The developers say it will become more effective as more people use it.

    The developers say they hope to add a feature that will warn people about possible tsunami after an earthquake.