C．【选修6—环境保护】

图20示意我国东北某区域不同时期人口数量和耕地、湿地面积的变化。读图回答下列问题。

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    Every 14 days, another language dies. There are many reasons for this. Some people think more common languages have more economic(经济的) if power. Because of this, young people choose to learn a common language as they think it is more useful. Another reason is that some languages aren't written down. Guujaaw is a leader of the Haida Nation, whose people have lived on the Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada, for more than 10,000 years. Their language is endangered. Traditionally, it wasn't written down, and, as a result, some people are worried that it will die one day. Guujaaw replies to this, "We talk to each other, listen, visit and believe in the spoken word. Expressing yourself without writing is natural. However, if Guujaaw's language and others like it are going to stay alive, writing may have to become part of their lives.

    When a language dies, a lot of knowledge dies with it. To begin with, language is a huge part of the culture of the people who speak it. Language allows speakers to say certain things: words that describe a cultural idea may not translate exactly into another language. Furthermore, many endangered languages have rich spoken cultures. Stories, songs and histories are passed on from older people to younger generations(一代). Elizabeth Lindsey, an expert in languages, emphasizes(强调) this. "When an elder dies, a library is burned," she says.

    Also, language death affects our knowledge about nature. Local people often have a deep understanding of plants, animals, and the relationship between them. David Harrison, a researcher on endangered languages, reflects, "80% of plant and animal species(物种)have been undiscovered by science. But that doesn't mean they're unknown to humans."

    Many languages are endangered. However, it's not too late. Children often grow up speaking two languages．“ No one… becomes richer by giving up… one language to learn another，” Harrison said. If children feel both languages are important, they will use both. So, it is necessary that children realize how useful their local language is.

X、Y、Z、R、W是原子序数依次增大的五种短周期元素．Y和R同主族，可组成共价化合物RY₂和RY₃，Y和Z最外层电子数之和与W的最外层电子数相同，25℃时0.01mol•L^﹣1 X和W形成化合物的水溶液pH为2，下列说法正确的是（   ）

当代文艺审美中的“粉丝”与“知音”

周兴杰

    ①“知音”一词源于钟子期与俞伯牙的故事。子期因为能听出琴音寓意，被伯牙引为“知音”。后来，子期辞世，伯牙毁琴不操，以示痛悼。由此可知，“知音”的内涵至少涉及两个方面：一是接受者能准确把握、解读出作品的主旨，从而经由作品，接受者与创作者在精神层面产生深度契合；二是以作品理解为基础，创作者与接受者形成相互依赖、相互需要乃至相互尊重的关系。在高雅艺术的欣赏中，接受者以能成“知音”为荣，创作者以能有“知音”为幸。说一部文学史或艺术史，是作为“知音”的批评家为他们心仪的文学家、艺术家树碑立传的历史，并不为过。因此，“知音”有意无意地被默认为高雅文艺的欣赏者。

    ②而“粉丝”这一名称则有些不伦不类，它是大众对“fans”一词自发的、戏仿式的音译。在最直接的意义上，“粉”或“粉丝”就是对某些事物的“爱好者”。如果仅在“爱好者”的意义上来使用的话，那么说“我是莎士比亚的粉”也是没有问题的。但由于社会成见和媒体引导，当作对某些大众文化产品不加辨别的、缺乏抵抗力的消费者而受到非议。尽管现在人们能以一种理解的眼光来看待“粉丝”，但其被限定特指大众文化的欣赏者却是事实。

    ③知音精于深度耕犁文本，其文本辨识力自不待言。那粉丝有没有文本辨识力呢？通过深入粉丝的文化实践，研究者发现，粉丝对于特定文本是存在敏锐的辨识力的。20世纪80年代，有人用“全庸”之名仿作金庸小说，以图鱼目混珠。结果读者去芜存菁，终使各式“全庸”尽数淘汰。由此可知，粉丝像知音一样，都具有敏锐的文本辨识力，并忠于自己的文本感受。但粉丝文本辨识的有趣一面在于，他们会因为极度关注某些文本的细节，而选择性地忽略其他细节。这种“专攻一点、不计其余”的辨别方式，主观随意性不言自明，与知音式文艺批评的理性、客观旨趣相去甚远。

    ④粉丝欣赏要求突破高雅文艺欣赏所规定的“距离”，使欣赏化为广场式的狂欢。粉丝欣赏的参与性更突出的表现是，他们不会仅仅停留在对小说、影视作品、歌曲等原作本身的欣赏上，还会进一步消费许多衍生产品，如印有明星头像的T恤、玩偶等等。如此，粉丝将文化工业提供的资源带入其日常生活实践，并在使用中完成文本意义的重新组装。与此不同，“知音”则更尊重作家的创作意图或作品主题，他们更像“采矿者”，努力掘开文本的岩层，炼出深藏其下的金子般的创作主旨。

    ⑤伴随积极的参与，粉丝的生产力也释放出来了：他们不会停留在文本的消费上，而是以文化工业产品为资源，创造出数量庞大的、五花八门的新文本，如网络同人小说、模仿秀及流行音乐粉丝们的翻录、翻唱和MTV翻拍等等。这种新文本有时会达到与原作不相上下的地步。而“知音”呢，他们的生产力主要表现在分析精辟的批评文本上，此外很难看到其他类型的新文本。由此可见，“知音”和“粉丝”不能相互替代。

（选自2017年3月6日《中国社会科学报》，有删节）