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    People who have lost the ability to understand or use words due to brain damage are called aphasics（失语症患者）.Such patients can be extremely good at something else.From the changing expressions on speakers' faces and the tones of their voices,they can tell lies from truths.

    Doctors studying the human brain have given a number of examples of this amazing power of aphasics.Some have even compared this power to that of a dog with an ability to find out the drugs hidden in the baggage.

    Recently,scientists carried out tests to see if all that was said about aphasics was true.They studied a mixed group of people.Some were normal;others were aphasics.It was proved that the aphasics were far ahead of the normal people in recognizing false speeches—in most cases,the normal people were fooled by words,but the aphasics were not.

    Some years ago,Dr.Oliver Sacks wrote in his book about his experiences with aphasics.He mentioned a particular case in a hospital.Some aphasics were watching the president giving a speech on TV.Since the president had been an actor earlier,making a good speech was no problem for him.He was trying to put his feelings into every word of his speech.

    But his way of speaking had the opposite effect on the patients.They didn't seem to believe him.Instead,they burst into laughter.The aphasics knew that the president did not mean a word of what he was saying.He was lying!

    Many doctors see aphasics as people who are not completely normal because they lack the ability to understand words.However,according to Dr.Sacks,they are more gifted than normal people.Normal people may get carried away by words.Aphasics seem to understand human expressions better,though they cannot understand words.

司马温公行状

苏轼

    公讳光，字君实。年十五，书无所不通。年二十，举进士甲科。改奉礼郎。以天章公在杭，辞所迁官，求签书苏州判官事以便亲，许之。未上，丁太夫人忧。未除，丁天章公忧。执丧累年，毁瘠如礼。

    故相庞籍，见公而奇之，及为枢密副使，荐公召试馆阁校勘。天圣中，禁田河西，虏乃得稍蚕食其地，为河东忧。籍请公按视。公为画策：“宜因州中旧兵，益禁兵三千，筑二堡河西，可使堡外三十里虏不敢田，则州西六十里无虏矣。募民有能耕闲田者，复其税役十五年，官虽无所得，而籴自贱，可以渐纾河东之民。”籍移麟州，如公言。而兵官郭恩勇且狂，夜开城门，引千余人渡河，载酒食，遇敌死之。议者归罪于籍，罢节度使知青州。公守阙，三上书，乞独坐其事，不报。

    王安石始为政，行其法于天下，谓之新法。迩英进读，至萧何、曹参事。公曰：“参不变何法，得守成之道。故孝惠、高后时，天下晏然，衣食滋殖。”后数日，吕惠卿进讲，因言：“先王之法，有五年一变者，巡狩考制度是也。有三十年一变者，‘刑法世轻世重’是也。有百年不变者，父慈子孝兄友弟恭是也。前日光言非是，其意以讽朝廷，且讥臣为条例司官耳。”上问公：“惠卿言何如？”公曰：“诸侯有变礼易乐者，王巡狩则诛之，王之不自变也。刑新国用轻典，乱国用重典，平国用中典，是为世轻世重，非变也。且治天下，譬如居室，敝则修之，非大坏不更造也。大坏而更造，非得良匠美材不成。今二者皆无有，臣恐风雨之不庇也。”惠卿不能对。

    则以书喻安石，三往反，开喻苦至，犹幸安石之听而改也。且曰：“巧言令色鲜矣仁。士之忠信者，于公当路时，虽龃龉可憎，后必徐得其力。谄谀之人，于今诚有顺适之快，一旦失势，必有卖公以自售者。”对宾客，辄指言之曰：“覆王氏者，必惠卿也。”其后六年，而惠卿叛安石，上书告其罪，苟可以覆王氏者，靡不为也。由是天下服公先知。

    公历事四朝，皆为人主所敬。然神宗知公最深。公思有以报之，常摘孟子之言曰：“责难于君谓之恭，陈善闭邪谓之敬，谓吾君不能谓之贼。”故虽议论违忤，而神宗识其意，待之愈厚。

俄罗斯河流众多，被称为“母亲河”的是（ ）

材料一：“倘使我们说，中国传统政治是专制的，政府由一个皇帝来独裁，这一说法，用来讲明清两代是可以的。”

——黄仁宇在《中国大历史》

材料二：英国“光荣革命”（实际是一次政变）大概是我心目中最完美的一次政治设计。它在一个有长期专制传统的国家找到了一个摆脱革命与专制的循环、能有效地控制“控制者”的办法。

——杨小凯《中国政治随想录》

材料三：政治制度，必然得自根自生。纵使有些可以从国外移来，也必然先与其本国传统，有一番融合媾通，才能真实发生相当的作用。否则无生命的政治，无配合的制度，决然无法长成。

——钱穆《中国历代政治得失》