New Year's resolutions(决心)have been around long enough that we all scent to stick to the same ones--hit the gym, lay off the candy, read more books, call your mother-regardless of whether we follow through with our intentions.

    While January 1st seems like the perfect time to have a new start again, exactly when people developed that mindset(思维模式)isn't common knowledge. It turns out that the modern belief of' a New Year's resolution isn't as old as you thought. According to many historians, the ancient Babylonians were the first group of people to make New Year's resolutions. However, instead of making a commitment to self improvement, they made a commitment to the gods to pay their debts and return any objects they had borrowed.

    An ancient Roman tradition from 46 B. C, bears even more likeness to modern resolutions. Emperor Julius Caesar declared January the month of Janus. Romans believed Janus looked backwards into the previous year and ahead into the future. In his honor, they made sacrifices to the god and promises of good behavior for the coining year.

    But the modern New Year's resolution didn't fully form until centuries later. The practice was common enough by the early 1800s. An article in 1802 states, "Statesmen have sworn to have no other objet in view than the good of their country. the physicians have determined to advise the use of medicine no more than is necessary, and to the very reasonable in their fees.”

    The first time “New Year's resolution" appeared as a phrase was in the January 1st issue of a Boston newspaper in 1813. “I believe there are a lot of people," the article goes, “with a serious determination of beginning the New Year with new resolutions and new behavior, and with the full belief that they shall accept punishment for all their former faults and wipe them away.

    So as you make (and possibly fail at) your New year's resolutions, know that you're in good company.

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                                                                                                        13元“遗产”
       ①那一晚，女儿仅吃了小半碗饭，就放下筷子说：“妈，我有点不舒服，想躺一会，你吃完先走吧。碗筷等会我来收拾。”当时，我并没有太在意，等我收完夜市回来，看到碗筷和剩菜还在桌上摆着，才想到女儿可能出事了。
       ②我推开她的房门，看见她在床上躺着，满脸通红，我上去摸了摸她的额头，吓了一大跳，她的额头烫得像一团炭火。我说：“孩子，你发烧了，我们得去看医生。”但她却从我的怀中挣脱下来，说：“不用了，可能是感冒了，睡上一觉明天就会好的。妈，你去把碗洗了吧。”她的声音虚弱，但还是强睁着眼，冲我笑了笑。
       ③我知道她是在敷衍我，因为一去医院就意味着花钱，她怕。“不行，得赶紧去医院!”我果断地说，然后来到屋里开始找钱，尽可能地找。当我把所有能找到的钱连同刚从夜市上挣来的散币堆在床上清点时，危机感油然而生，我胡乱地将钱塞进口袋里，搀着女儿的手上了三轮车。
       ④三年前，丈夫身患绝症离我而去，我没有工作，只得在夜市里摆小摊。那一年女儿还不到13岁。也正是从那时开始，我发现她忽然长大了，开始真正懂得了什么是生活。
       ⑤我回头望了她一眼，看见她像一只受伤的小羊羔那样无助地趴在车斗里，眼睁睁地望着我。在女儿微弱的呻吟声中，我发疯似地蹬车，怕耽误了她。
       ⑥女儿终于躺在病床上，挂上了吊瓶，我松了一口气。医生说，眼下正流行病毒性脑炎，女儿的症状有些像，要待明天上班后做脊液检查才能确诊，今晚先做退烧观察处理。
       ⑦我的心又提了起来。夜深了，病房里就剩下我和女儿，女儿突然示意我靠近她，说：“妈，我感觉很难受，浑身都痛，和以往不一样。医生的话我听见了，我很有可能是脑炎，我怕是不行了……”
       ⑧“别瞎想，要等明天做了检查才能确诊。”
       ⑨“妈，你听我说，”女儿突然严肃起来，很认真地说，“你记住了，家里床头柜的下层，最里面靠右角那儿藏有一个布袋，里面装有一些钱，那是我攒下的，留给你的。”
       ⑩猛地一阵酸楚直冲我的鼻腔，我的眼睛湿润了。我抓住了女儿的手，“孩子，你不会有事，有妈妈在，你肯定不会有事的!”。女儿怔了一会儿，慢慢地，她攥紧了我的手，晶莹的泪珠从她的眼角滑落。
       ⑪第二天上午，经过检查，确诊女儿得的是一般性肺炎。当我把这个结果告诉她时，女儿一下就搂紧了我的脖子，搂得很紧。我们都哭了。
       ⑫回家后，我打开了女儿的床头柜，那里果然有一个小布袋，里面是13元钱，全是角票。捧着那个小布包，我的眼泪又来了。
       ⑬事情已经过去三年多了，现在，女儿已经成了一名军医大学的学生。高考时，她的分数可以进北大清华，但她的第一志愿就是这所大学。用她的话说是不用交钱还管吃管穿，能免去母亲的负担。
       ⑭这些年来，我始终保存着女儿的那个布包，那是她郑重留给我的“遗产”，13元，我只想永久地将它珍藏。                   

                                                                                                                               （载《读者》，有删改）

大气中二氧化碳含量的增加会造成温室效应．2001年2月联合国环境规划署的专家警告说，这种效应将使全球每年因气候变暖而造成的损失达到3000多亿美元．为了防止二氧化碳在大气中含量的上升，请你根据你的分析帮助提出3条可供采取的措施．

阅读下列材料，回答间题。
材料一

材料二 贞观元年，太宗曰：“自王公以下，第宅、车服、婚嫁、丧葬，准品秩(品级身份)不合服用者，宜一切禁断”“致治之本，惟在于审(审察)。量才授职，务省官员……当须更并省官员，使得各当所任，则无为而治矣。”
                                                                                                                                                                     ——《贞观政要》
材料三 开元元年十月，姚崇在建议中说:“臣请国亲不任台省……员外等官，悉请停罢，可乎?”唐玄宗高兴地回答说:“肤素志也。”开元二年正月，玄宗下令从京官中选拔有才识者出任都督、刹史，又从都赞、刺史中选拔有政绩者入为京官，进行交流，并规定把它作为一种制度，坚持下去。五月，玄宗一举罢免员外官、试官、检校官数千人。
                                                                                                                                                                     ——《旧唐书》
（1）长安城面貌在一定程度上反映了唐朝的时代特点。从《唐长安城地图》看出:基本形成了各市坊围绕皇宫的布局，表明其政治特点是:       ；城内设有国子监、建有孔庙，表明其思想特点是?对几个“坊”的描述可看出其社会经济特点是?
（2）选做题:以下两小题，请任选一个作答。(如果两题答，按第①小题计分)
①依据材料二，结合所学知识，概括唐太宗整顿吏治的主要措施，并简要评价。
②依据材料三，结合所学知识，概括唐玄宗整顿吏治的主要措施，并简要评价。
（3）综合上述材料，结合所学知识。谈谈你对王朝兴盛的认识