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                                                                                             人体内的“夜班”工作
      你是否想过,当你夜间进入梦乡时,在你自己的机体内还有大量的器官在“值夜班”呢?
     “心脏在值‘夜班’。”你一定会不假思索地回答。确实如此。据记载,心脏停跳又复活的世界记录为3小时24分,但在睡眼环境下,心脏恐怕一分钟也不能停止跳动。不过心脏并不是一刻不停地工作,它也在抽空休息。它收缩时在工作,它舒张时是在休息。每分钟心跳75次时,每一次心跳,心房和心室的收缩时间分别为0.1秒和0.3秒、而舒张时间分别为0.7秒和0.5秒,休息时间倒比工作时间长。
     “肺脏也在值‘夜班’。”此话不假。人在夜间睡眠时,生命之火还在燃烧,肺脏就像一台鼓风机,不停地把富含氧气的空气吸入体内“助燃”,把富含二氧化碳的废气排出。科学家们认为这台鼓风机停止工作5分钟,人就会“断气”。当然肺脏也要休息,它的7.5亿个基层单位——肺泡采用轮休制,每次呼吸只有部分肺泡在工作。
      说到值“夜班”,也别忘记了消化系统。据试验,玉米在胃内消化停留3.48小时,在小肠内吸收停留5小时,在结肠内停留16.24小时,经过21.2小时开始由“环卫部门”直肠排出, 38.4小时后才排完。照此算来人在夜间睡眠时,消化系统的“夜班工人”还在对昨天早餐到今天晚餐的食物作一系列处理。
      人们大概不太清楚,许多调节人体功能的内分泌腺体也坚守在“夜班”岗位上。实践证明,有大约1/3到一半的激素在夜间达到最高值。例如腺垂体分泌一种生长激素,它能促进蛋白质合成,加速软骨与骨头生长,使人长高,这种对发育极端重要的激素在人熟睡后五小时达到最大分泌峰。至于神经系统这个人体活动的“总司令部”,在夜间当然是“灯火通明”。例如仪‘夜班”的交感神经系统与副交感神经系统在指挥内脏的活动,丘脑在调节着人的体温、水平衡、内分泌,脑子中的睡眠中枢产生的去甲肾上腺素在清晨把人唤醒,否则人就要无休止地睡下去。甚至主管思维的大脑也安排有“夜班”——做梦。感谢这些“夜班工人”,它们使我们的生命能平稳地延续。

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    If you have ever been left wondering why your emails are riddled(充斥着) with grammatical errors, or why you can never quite find the right phrase, it may be because you are typing with both hands.

    Our vocabulary becomes richer and our writing style becomes more fluent when we type using just one hand, scientists have found. "Typing can be too fluent or too fast, and it can actually weaken the writing process," said Srdan Medimorec, the lead author of the study conducted at the department of psychology at the University of Waterloo, Canada. "It seems that what we write is a product of the interaction(互动) between our thoughts and the tools we use to express them."

    Using text-analysis software, researchers asked 103 university students to write essays under different conditions, using one hand to type and using both hands to type. The software was used to analyze(分析) elements of the essays, such as range of vocabulary, sentence complexity and the cohesion(衔接) of the writing.

    Researchers found that participants' vocabulary became more advanced when they typed with one hand rather than two. The research team said that by slowing our writing down, typing one-handed allows more time for an internal (内在的) word search, resulting in a larger variety of words.

    In contrast, fast typists might just write the first word that comes to mind. However, it is important not to slow typing down too much. Those who typed essays one-handed in the current study slowed down to about the speed of handwriting.

    This is the first study to show that changing people's typing can make their writing get better. The researchers suggested that the speed of writing could affect writing quality regardless of the tools used, whether they are computers, or pen and paper, although further research would be required to prove that idea.