题干

阅读下列材料,回答问题:

材料一:各缔约国:为促进国际合作,保证国际的和平与安全,承担不从事战争之义务,维护各国间基于正义与荣誉之公开邦交,严守国际法之规定,已为今后各国政府行为之规范。

——《国际联盟盟约》

材料二:建立一个世界上所有国家都参加的联盟(国联),不管是大国还是小国,一起合作来维护和平,这是威尔逊总统梦寐以求的事……联盟,从来就没有取得他的创始人所期望达到的出色成就……在所有重大危机中,人们不是不听联盟的话,就是根本不理睬它。

材料三:“一、维护国际和平与安全,并为此目的:采取有效集体办法,以防止且消除对手和平之威胁,直至侵略行为或其他和平之破坏,并以和平且依正义及国际法之原则,调整或解决足以破坏和平之国际争端或情势……”此为联合国之宗旨。

材料四:联合国成立以来三十年的成就尚可予人深刻印象……但它在普遍栽减军备方面却一事无成。它也未能制止苏美之间日益增长的摩擦,而这种摩擦肯定是对国家和平的威胁……然而,可以论断,联合国因主要由于提供权宜的办法和讨论各种牢骚的讲坛,有助于防止两个巨人迎面冲突。结果,种种危机愈演愈烈,成为剧烈的争吵,但未形成毁灭世界的大规模祸殃。

——材料二、三、四均选自伯恩斯·拉夫尔《世界文明史》

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    You may have seen a talking parrot on a TV show, in a movie, or even in someone's home. The parrot has learned to copy sounds that people make. Birds are not the only animals that can copy the noises they hear. Dolphins, bats, and some apes also copy sounds. Now we can add elephants to this list of copycats.

    Dr. Joyce Poole is a zoologist. She studies the sounds of elephants. While she was in Kenya, she would hear strange noises made by Mlaika after sunset. Mlaika was a 10-year-old African elephant.

    Mlaika lived near a highway. Dr. Poole says, “I could not tell the difference between Mlaika's call and the distant truck noise.” She and other scientists studied Mlaika's sounds. It turned out that Mlaika was copying the sounds of the trucks driving by. Why would Mlaika copy trucks that she heard going by on the highway? Animals that are able to copy sounds may enjoy practicing new sounds. When they are kept outside of their natural environment, they may copy unusual sounds. That may be why an elephant would copy the sound of a truck.

    “Mlaika was not the only copycat elephant,” Dr. Poole says. Calimero is a 23-year-old male African elephant. He spent 18 years with two female Asian elephants. Asian elephants make chirping sounds (sounds made by birds) to talk with one another. African elephants usually do not make chirping sounds. But Calimero now does. He is copying his Asian elephant friends. Dr. Poole says that elephants need to form bonds with their family and friends. She says, “They make sounds to communicate with each other. When they are separated, they use sounds to keep in contact.”

    Parrots, dolphins, humans, and elephants show that being a copycat is one way that animals and people make new friends and keep old ones.