题干

“丝绸之路”是中国与亚欧国家经济、文化交流的重要通道。2013年中国政府提出建设“新丝绸之路经济带”,为沿线各国开展更为广泛、深入的交流与合作提供了新的历史机遇。阅读材料,完成下列各题。

材料一:自公元1500年,世界进入全球化时代,贸易中心逐渐从地中海转移到大西洋地区以来,欧洲国家就利用它们在工业技术、经济与政治制度上的优势,孜孜不倦地探求在这个全新时代寻求霸权的道路:从西班牙国王……(到)俾斯麦或伊藤博文,都清楚地明白经济发展、海外扩张与军事征服,将成为构筑一个大国的三根必要支柱。

——朱步冲《西方大国崛起的条件:海权,工业,殖民》

材料二:在19世纪50年代~60年代,卷入世界市场的大多是农业占主导地位的国家,它们共同围绕着一个巨大的工业中心——英国。英国消费它们的原料,同时供给它们必须的工业品。从1870年至1913年,原料和工业制成品的贸易额都增加了两倍多,这说明发达国家和初级产品生产国家之间的国际分工以及世界各国之间的相互依赖程度都加强了。其中1900年,各主要资本主义国家在世界贸易中所占的比重为:英国19%,美国12%,德国13%,法国9%。

——马世力《世界史纲》

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    When I was a teenager growing up in Russia, I wanted to leave school and have my own life. The only way I could do this was to work in the local brick factory in my town, or get married. I was nervous when I told my father I wanted to leave school. I thought he would say, "No! You are going to college." He took me by surprise when he said, “OK. We'll go to the brick factory.”
    Two days later, he took me to the factory. I had a very romantic idea of working in a factory. I had imagined everyone to be friends working together and having fun. I even imagined there would be music and singing. I guess I had watched too many movies as a teenager.
    When we arrived at the factory gate, my father spoke to the guard and one minute later we were inside. My father said, “Take your time. Look around.” I walked around the factory looking at the building, the workers, and listening to the noise. It was horrible. I ran back to my father and said, “I want to go home.”
    He asked me, “What do you think of the factory?”
    "It's terrible," I replied.
    "And marriage is even worse!" he said.
    I went back to school the next day thinking about studying hard so I could get into a good college. I enjoyed studying English so I decided to major in languages at college. Thanks to my father and our trip to the brick factory, I now work at the United Nations and my father is very proud of me. I married a very good man and my life is much better than it would have been working in the factory!