题干

下列各种生物中没有细胞结构的是(   )

A:病毒

B:细菌

C:酵母菌

D:青霉

上一题 下一题 0.0难度 选择题 更新时间:2017-12-15 07:08:53

答案(点此获取答案解析)

A

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    Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight, while the French, who eat rich food, continue to stay thin? Now a research by Cornell University suggests how life style and decisions about eating may affect weight. Researchers concluded that the French tend to stop eating when they feel full. However, Americans tend to stop when their plate is empty or their favorite TV show is over.

    According to Dr. Joseph Mercola, a health expert, the French see eating as an important part of their life style. They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table, while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed (挤进) between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped. In addition, he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, instead, tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers' markets where they have a choice of fresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as high-quality meats for each meal.

    After a visit to the United States, Mireille Guiliano, author of French Women Don't Get Fat, decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid food. Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.

    In spite of (尽管) all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style changes may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity (肥胖)—or extreme overweight — among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young refuse older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% — and is growing.

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拟态——神奇的自然礼物

康乐

      ①当你在森林小径散步时,可能会看到一片不起眼的枯叶,但你的脚还没有踏上去,“枯叶”却突然飞起,瞬间变成一只闪耀着墨蓝色光泽的美丽蝴蝶。它翩然飞去,很快就消失得无影无踪——原来是罕见的枯叶蝶。

      ②你或许还会看到一只虎甲在路上迅速跳动,细看却觉蹊跷——“虎甲”竟然长着超长的触角!原来这是一种螽斯①的若虫②,它模拟虎甲的体色、外形和跳跃行为,以防被猎食。直至完成最后一次蜕皮,它就会成为一只巨大的螽斯,前翅宽阔,脉络清晰,像一片树叶。

      ③这就是大自然里奇妙的拟态!

      ④拟态,表现为一种生物与另一种生物或周围自然界物体的相似性,这种相似性很高,简直难以分辨,可以保护其中某一物种或两个物种。这种相似性可表现在外形、颜色、气味、鸣声和行为等方面。拟态非常神奇,也很常见,在动物、植物和真菌界都存在,也吸引了很多科技工作者探究其原因和机制。

      ⑤已有的科学研究认为,一方面,大自然的“进化接力赛”促进了不同物种之间互惠互利的协同进化,导致了拟态;另一方面,为了适应相似的选择压力而导致的平行进化也会促进拟态的发生。研究者推测导致拟态的生物机制可能是这样的:第一步是与调节形态变化有关的修饰基因发生突变;第二步是具更小表型影响的基因受到了选择,导致相似性程度的增加。事实上,亲缘关系很近的动物并不都采用拟态的对策适应环境。相似的基因组为什么能产生如此大的表型变异和分化?更多物种的拟态及其机制仍等待着我们去发现和探索。

      ⑥拟态是生物多样性的重要表现形式,是大自然的馈赠,让我们的世界更加神奇、复杂和美丽,使自然生态系统更加稳定、多样和有序。拟态的美学特征也经常让我们深感意外,同时也让我们领悟到它存在的道理,从而激发我们的好奇心。

     【注】①螽(zhōnɡ)斯:一种昆虫。②若虫:蝗虫等不完全变态的昆虫,在卵孵化之后,翅膀还没有长成期间,外形跟成虫相似,但较小,生殖器官发育不全,这个阶段的昆虫叫作若虫。