阅读理解

    It may be hard to believe, but the American Revolution(革命)—the war that freed the American states from British control—began over a cup of tea. Tea was not the only thing that caused the war, of course, but it played a very big part.

    The British people's love of tea is well-known. When the British won control over mush of North America in the early 1700s, they brought their tea- drinking habits with them. Tea quickly became the continents most popular drink. As tea could not be grown locally, just as in Britain, it was shipped into the country—mostly from India.

In the early 1700s, the Britain government made a special deal with the East India Company, as an English trading company. They agreed that no other company was allowed to bring tea to Britain or any country controlled by Britain, including America. It was a great deal for the East India Company, since it meant that the company could decide whatever price it wanted for its products. And it always decided on a high price!

In North America, the local people did not like having to pay such high prices. Instead of overpaying for tea from the British, they turned to Dutch traders, who secretly brought tea to the country that was just as good—and much less expensive. Although this broke the law, the American people didn't care. They got the same cup of tea at a much lower price.

The East India Company, however, didn't like this at all. By the 1760s, they were losing millions of pounds each year to Dutch traders—a huge amount of money in a time when ￡60 a year was considered a good income. Instead of reducing their prices to compete with the Dutch, the company asked the British government for help and the government agreed.

    In 1767, the British introduced new law that increased the prices of all goods which were brought into America. These laws helped make the East India Company even richer and forced local people to pay much more for everything. The American leaders asked the British government not to do so, but the British refused to listen. These unfair laws increased Americans' anger about British rule and the rest, as they say, is history.

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中西诗在人伦上的比较

朱光潜

    西方关于人伦的诗大半以恋爱为中心。中国诗言爱情的虽然很多，但是没有让爱情把其他人伦抹煞。朋友的交情和君臣的恩谊在西方诗中不甚重要，而在中国诗中则几与爱情占同等位置。把屈原、杜甫、陆游诸人的忠君爱国爱民的情感拿去，他们诗的精华便已剥丧大半。从前注诗注词的人往往在爱情诗上贴上忠君爱国的徽帜，例如毛苌注《诗经》把许多男女相悦的诗看成讽刺时事的。张惠言说温飞卿的《菩萨蛮》十四章为“感士不遇之作”。这种办法固然有些牵强附会。近来人却又另走极端把真正忠君爱国的诗也贴上爱情的徽帜，例如《离骚》、《远游》一类的著作竟有人认为是爱情诗。我以为这也未免失之牵强附会。看过西方诗的学者见到爱情在西方诗中那样重要，以为它在中国诗中也应该很重要。他们不知道中西社会情形和伦理思想本来不同，恋爱在从前的中国实在没有现代中国人所想的那样重要。中国叙人伦的诗，通盘计算，关于友朋交谊的比关于男女恋爱的还要多，在许多诗人的集中，赠答酬唱的作品，往往占其大半。苏李、建安七子、李杜、韩孟、苏黄、纳兰成德与顾贞观诸人的交谊古今传为美谈，在西方诗人中为歌德和席勒、华兹华斯与柯尔律治、济慈和雪莱、魏尔伦与兰波诸人虽亦以交谊著，而他们的集中叙友朋乐趣的诗却极少。

    恋爱在中国诗中不如在西方诗中重要，有几层原因。第一，西方社会表面上虽以国家为基础，骨子里却侧重个人主义。爱情在个人生命中最关痛痒，所以尽量发展，以至掩盖其他人与人的关系。说尽一个诗人的恋爱史往往就已说尽他的生命史，在近代尤其如此。中国社会表面上虽以家庭为基础，骨子里却侧重兼善主义。文人往往费大半生的光阴于仕宦羁旅，“老妻寄异县”是常事。他们朝夕所接触的不是妇女而是同僚与文字友。

    第二，西方受中世纪骑士风的影响，女子地位较高，教育也比较完善，在学问和情趣上往往可以与男子欣合，在中国得于友朋的乐趣，在西方往往可以得之于妇人女子。中国受儒家思想的影响，女子的地位较低。夫妇恩爱常起于伦理观念，在实际上志同道合的乐趣颇不易得。加以中国社会理想侧重功名事业，“随着四婆裙”在儒家看是一件耻事。

    第三，东西恋爱观相差也甚远。西方人重视恋爱，有“恋爱最上”的标语。中国人重视婚姻而轻视恋爱，真正的恋爱往往见于“桑间濮上”。潦倒无聊，悲观厌世的人才肯公然寄情于声色，像隋炀帝李后主几位风流天子都为世所诟病。我们可以说，西方诗人要在恋爱中实现人生，中国诗人往往只求在恋爱中消遣人生。中国诗人脚踏实地，爱情只是爱情；西方诗人比较能高瞻远瞩，爱情之中都有几分人生哲学和宗教情操。

    这并非说中国诗人不能深于情。西方爱情诗大半写于婚媾之前，所以称赞容貌诉申爱慕者最多；中国爱情诗大半写于婚媾之后，所以最佳者往往是惜别悼亡。西方爱情诗最长于“慕”，莎士比亚的十四行体诗，雪莱和布朗宁诸人的短诗是“慕”的胜境；中国爱情诗最善于“怨”，《卷耳》、《柏舟》、《迢迢牵牛星》，曹丕的《燕歌行》，梁玄帝的《荡妇秋思赋》以及李白的《长相思》、《怨情》、《春思》诸作是“怨”的胜境。总观全体，我们可以说，西诗以直率胜，中诗以委婉胜；西诗以深刻胜，中诗以微妙胜；西诗以铺陈胜，中诗以简隽胜。

（节选自《朱光潜谈美》）