阅读下文，回答问题

恐惧是一种可以控制的情绪

    ①什么是恐惧?恐惧就是对于外部发生的危险做出的一种心理反应。有时，这种反应更近乎一种本能，例如遭遇到火灾、泥石流等危机时本能地逃跑，或是被人迎面打来一拳时本能地架起手臂防御，等等。这些因恐惧而产生的行动是对我们自身的保护，可以帮助我们回避危险。不过，如果保护过了头，我们就会变成厚厚盔甲下的“套中人”——过度、非理性、持续地害怕某种物体、现象、活动或场合，并夸大可能的危险，那就会给我们的日常生活带来许多不必要的麻烦。

    ②人们一般把常见的恐惧症分成四种：动物恐惧症、场所恐惧症、密集恐惧症、社交恐惧症。患有动物恐惧症的人见到一些动物的影像、图片，或看到关于动物的逼真文字描述，都会感到恐惧并想要逃避，甚至伴有强烈的生理症状，如心悸、胸闷、出汗、透气困难等。场所恐惧症主要是对封闭空间的恐惧，并且会因为无法逃离而感到担心、害怕，如处于影剧院、地铁，尤其是电梯中，感到憋闷、呼吸困难、恐慌。密集恐惧症是对排列密集的较小物体害怕或觉得恶心，例如密密麻麻的虫卵、蜂巢、淋浴喷头的出水小孔，甚至草莓，等等。社交恐惧症大多存在于青少年，主要表现是对学校环境的恐惧，因升学、转学或者更换班级而焦虑等。

    ③恐惧自何而来?原因多种多样。可能源自于儿童时期的心理创伤，可能受到环境中长期暗示的影响，也可能仅仅由某个单纯事件所导致，甚至还有些恐惧要归结到生物进化上去。例如，在某些惧怕蛇的人群里，有些人一生中甚至都未见过真正的蛇，但他们不由自主地就会对蛇产生恐惧，这是为什么呢?其实，人类的这种恐惧心理是在长期的进化过程中形成的。早期的灵长类动物为了生存，在险象环生的丛林里面必须提高警惕，小心防范，一旦看到威胁生命的动物靠近(比如毒蛇、蝎子、毒蜘蛛等等)，就会恐惧逃窜。长期的记忆被储存下来，恐惧心理由此而生。

    ④如何克服恐惧心理呢?一般说来，对恐惧的东西了解越多，莫名的恐惧感就有可能越少。动物学家不怕和蛇、蜘蛛等动物接触，在高楼表演杂技或修筑高楼的建筑工人不会恐高，尽管他们日常工作时就要面对这些危险，但是，通过知识的学习，技能的训练，他们已经掌握了自我保护的方法，并了解到遭遇危险应如何自我救助，因此能够泰然处之。所以，若想要摆脱你对某一事物的恐惧，就从积累知识并充分了解那件事物本身开始吧!

    We produce 500 billion of plastic bags in a year worldwide and they are thrown away polluting oceans, killing wildlife and getting dumped in landfills where they take up to 1,000 years to decompose. Researchers have been unsuccessfully looking for a solution.

    The 16-year-old Canadian high school student, Daniel Burd, from Waterloo Collegiate Institute, has discovered a way to make plastic bags degrade(降解) in as few as 3 months, a finding that won him first prize at the Canada Wide Science Fair, a ＄10,000 prize, a ＄20,000 scholarship, and a chance to revolutionize a major environmental issue.

    Burd's strategy was simple: Since plastic does eventually degrade, it must be eaten by microorganisms(微生物)．If those microorganisms could be identified, we could put them to work eating the plastic much faster than under normal conditions.

    With this goal in mind, he grounded plastic bags into a powder and concocted(调制) a solution of household chemicals, yeast(酵母) and tap water to encourage microbes growth．Then he added the plastic powder and let the microbes work their magic for 3 months．Finally, he tested the resulting bacterial culture on plastic bags, exposing one plastic sample to dead bacteria as a control．Sure enough, the plastic exposed(暴露) to the live bacteria was 17% lighter than the control after six weeks.

    The inputs are cheap, maintaining the required temperature takes little energy because microbes produce heat as they work, and the only outputs are water and tiny levels of carbon dioxide.

    "Almost every week I have to do chores and when I open the closet door, I have piles of plastic bags falling on top of me．One day, I got tired of it and I wanted to know what other people are doing with these plastic bags．The answer: not much．So I decided to do something myself." Said Daniel Burd.