古琴的文化内涵

    古琴，蕴含着丰富而深刻的文化内涵，千百年来一直是中国古代文人、士大夫手中爱不释手的器物。特殊的身份使得琴乐在整个中国音乐结构中属于具有高度文化属性的一种音乐形式。“和雅”、“清淡”是琴乐标榜和追求的审美情趣，“味外之旨、韵外之致、弦外之音”是琴乐深远意境的精髓所在。

    古琴的韵味是虚静高雅的，要达到这样的意境，则要求弹琴者必须将外在环境与平和闲适的内在心境合二为一，只有这样，才能达到琴曲中追求的心物相合、人琴合一的艺术境界。在这一方面，伯牙的经历可称为后世的典范。传说，伯牙曾跟随成连学琴，虽用功勤奋，但终难达到神情专一的境界。于是成连带领伯牙来到蓬莱仙境，自己划桨而去。伯牙左等右盼，始终不见成连先生回来。此时，四周一片寂静，只听到海浪汹涌澎湃地拍打着岩石，发出崖崩谷裂的涛声；天空群鸟悲鸣，久久回荡。 见此情景，伯牙不禁触动心弦，于是拿出古琴，弹唱起来。他终于明白成连先生正是要他体会这种天人交融的意境，来转移他的性情。后来，伯牙果真成为天下鼓琴高手。

    琴者，禁也。作为“圣人之器”的琴，演奏时自然有其独特而严格的规范。《红楼梦》第八十六回，贾宝玉得知林黛玉会弹琴时，便要妹妹为自己演奏一曲。林黛玉这时讲到：“若要抚琴，必择静室高斋，或在层楼的上头，在林石的里面，或是山巅上，或是水涯上。再遇着那天地清和的时候，风清月朗，焚香静坐，心不外想。”又说：“若必要抚琴，先须衣冠整齐，或鹤氅，或深衣，要如古人的像表，那才能称圣人之器，然后盥了手，焚上香。”

    在中国众多的音乐形式中，古琴集儒道两家思想精髓于一身。儒家主张入世哲学，重视人生的现实问题，强调艺术对人伦的教化作用。儒家所提倡的音乐讲究中正平和，不追求声音华美富丽的外在效果。“琴者，禁也。禁止于邪，以正人心。”古琴要担负起禁止淫邪、端正人心的道德责任。唐代薛易简在《琴诀》中讲：“琴为之乐，可以观风教，可以摄心魄，可以辨喜怒，可以悦情思，可以静神虑，可以壮胆勇，可以绝尘俗，可以格鬼神，此琴之善者也。”

    道家崇尚自然，强调无为和逍遥，反对人们强加于自然的各种行为。道家最理想的音乐应该是“大音希声”、“至乐无乐”的境界。庄子进一步将音乐分成“天籁”“地籁”与“人籁”三类，认为只有“天籁”才是音乐的最高层面，其根本也是提倡自然天成，反对人工雕琢的音乐。

    这些思想深深影响了以后的琴人。陶渊明的琴桌上常年摆着一张琴，既无弦也无徽。每当他酒酣耳热、兴致盎然时，总要在琴上虚按一曲。李白有诗写道：“大音自成曲，但奏无弦琴。”从中我们不难悟出道家思想对琴乐的渗透与融合。

把成数改写成百分数

    It has been some time since(自从) Jack saw the old man. In fact, Jack moved away from the country and was busy 1his work. There, Jack had2 time to think about the past and often had no time to 3 with his wife and son. He was working for his future.

    One day, his mother 4him over the phone that Mr Belser, their neighbour had died and the funeral(葬礼) would be 5Wednesday.It took a long time 6 Jack gave an answer because he had not thought of Mr Belser for a long time. “Well, he didn't 7 you. Every time I saw him, he'd ask 8you were going. He'd 9the days you spent with him, ” Mum told him.

    It had been about two weeks since Mr Belser died. One day, Jack 10 a package(包裹). There, inside was a gold 11.The box was from Mr Belser. Jack's hands shook(晃动) as he read the note inside. “Upon my death(死亡) please give this box to Jack Bennett. It is the thing I value most( 珍视) in my life.” There inside he 12 a beautiful gold packet watch. He opened the cover. Inside he found these words, “Jack, thanks for your 13 !——Harold Belser.”Jack held the watch for a few 14, then called his office and canceled (取消) his meetings for the next two weeks. He needed some time to spend with his wife and son.

    No matter how( 无论怎么样) busy we are, we should always remember to spend some time with the person we love. They are 15part of our life.

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《刘公嘉话》云：岛初赴举京师，一日于驴上得句云：“鸟宿池边树，僧敲月下门。”始欲着“推”字，又欲作“敲”字，炼之未定，遂于驴上吟哦，时时召手作推敲之势。时韩愈吏部权京兆尹，岛不觉冲至第三节。左右拥至尹前，岛具对所得诗句云云。韩立马良久，谓岛曰：“作敲字佳矣。”遂并辔而归。留在论诗，与为布衣之交。