Elephants don't forget-at least, female(雌性的) elephants don't. Elephant families are matriarchal. And the social knowledge gained by the oldest females is the key to a family group's survival (生存), according to a study published in April by Karen McComb, a biologist at Sussex University in England.

    Elephants announce their presence by making a deep, long sound, a practice referred to as contact calling(联络呼叫). An unfamiliar call may mean that an elephant from outside the family group is nearby. A stranger can cause trouble. Interrupting feeding or disturbing the young. So an elephant matriarch signals the family to gather around her; then they all lift their trunks in the air to smell the unfamiliar caller. False alarms can disturb the group and take time and energy away from feeding, so survival may depend in part on getting it right.

    Working with Cynthia Moss, who founded the Amboseli Elephant Research Project in Kenya 30 years ago, McComb tested the social knowledge of 21 Amboseli elephant families with matriarchs 27 to 67 years old. She played recordings of contact calls to each family and found that the oldest matriarchs were much better at picking out unfamiliar calls. In fact, a group with a matriarch in her fifties was several thousand times more likely to form into a group upon hearing an unfamiliar contact call than when hearing a familiar call. However, families with younger matriarchs were less than twice as likely to gather together upon hearing an unfamiliar contact call as compared with a familiar call. And they gathered together a lot. Moreover, the social knowledge of older matriarchs translated into favorable results: Families with older matriarchs produced more baby elephants in each female-reproductive year.

    This finding shows how difficult it is to protect the oldest members of elephant families. As elephants age, they continue to grow larger, as do their much wanted tusks(象牙). So the older-and wiser-a matriarch is, the greater the chance she will be killed. About 800,000 elephants have been killed by people in the past 20 years.

阅读《不要抛弃学问》，回答相关问题。
      诸位毕业同学：
      ①你们现在就要离母校了，我没有什么礼物送给你们，只好送你们一句话吧。这句话是：“不要抛弃学问。”
      ②以前的功课也许一大部分是为了这张文凭，不得已而做的。从今以后，你们可以依自己的心愿去自由研究了。趁现在年富力强的时候，努力做一种专门学问。少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰减时，要做学问也来不及了。即为吃饭计，学问也决不会辜负人的。吃饭而不求学问，三年五年之后，你们都要被后来少年淘汰的。到那时再想做点学问来补救，恐怕已太晚了。
      ③有人说：“出去做事之后，生活问题急需解决，哪有工夫去读书？即使要做学问，既没有图书馆，又没有实验室，哪能做学问？”
      ④我要对你们说：凡是要等到有图书馆才能读书，有了图书馆也不肯读书。凡是等到有了实验室方才做研究，有了实验室也不肯做研究。你有了决心就研究一个问题，自然会节衣缩食去买书，自然会想出法子来设置仪器。
      ⑤至于时间，更不成问题。达尔文一生多病，不能多做工，每天只能做一点钟的工作。你们看他的成绩！每天花一点钟看10页有用的书，每年可看3600多页，30年可读11万页书。
      ⑥诸位，11万页书可以使你成为一个学者了。可是每天看三种小报也得费你一点钟工夫；四圈麻将也得废你一点半钟的光阴。看小报呢，还是打麻将呢，还是努力做一个学者呢？全靠你们自己的选择！
      ⑦易卜生说：“你的最大责任是把你这块材料铸造成器。”
      ⑧学问便是铸器的工具，抛弃了学问便是毁了你自己。
      ⑨再会了！你们的母校眼睁睁地要看你们10年之后成什么器。
                                                                                                                                       （胡适 中国公学十八年级毕业赠言  1929年）

    Club sports — for those just like sports

    Many colleges have established many club sports, ____ to meet a special interest or fill a gap ____ an intercollegiate(校际的) team is not available. Some of sports, like fencing, crew and rugby, are sometimes ____ (compete) for club members. They are often played with other colleges and sometimes with community groups. These clubs give you the opportunity ____(play) a sport you love or learn a sport that is new to you. The one drawback(缺点) to club sports is ____ colleges often don't fund(提供资金) them. In these cases, club members have to work hard to organize fund-raisers and collect money to keep their sports ____(go).

    Club sports are less time-consuming ____ other athletic items, and you can easily miss a practice or even a competition if your academic or work commitments are ____(particular) demanding at a certain point. You can also leave a club sport if you find it just isn't working out. However, it's ____ (worthy) it to stick with a club sport for a while.

    Most colleges have a full range of teams, so you can attend sports competitions year-round. At bigger schools, larger sports, like football and basketball, may attract fans from all over the area. ____(small) sports, however, will also attract a group of fans.