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                                                                                                  哈欠声声
      当你较长时间工作,疲惫不堪;或者挑灯夜读,睡意袭来,你会不由自主地做出以下动作:两只眼睛眯成一条缝,嘴巴张得很大,身体往后仰,深深吸一口气,并发出持续哈气的声音……不用猜,这是谁都有过的体验——打哈欠。打哈欠是人类的一种本能行为,非主观意志所能控制得了。美国马兰里大学生理学家普罗文和贝宁格研究打哈欠时发现,哈欠源于大脑中的“哈欠中枢”。当一个人受到劳累、觉醒和睡意等因素的刺激时,激发相关分子大量分泌,进而引起“哈欠中枢”兴奋,随即向人体肌肉发出“指令”,有关的肌肉严格遵照“指令”运动,于是,一个哈欠诞生了。
      正因为打哈欠需要面部的肌肉运动来完成,如果你感觉某种场合或时刻不宜打哈欠,可以通过有意识地咬紧牙关来抑制。不过,打呵欠的过程运行得不顺畅,会让你觉得很不舒服。一个哈欠的持续时间虽然很短暂,大约6秒钟左右,但其生理作用却是显著的。在这期间人闭目塞听,全身神经、肌肉完全松弛,你便能在生理与心理上得到一次很好的休息,其效果胜过镇静剂。
      另外,科学家还发现一个有趣的现象,那就是温和的人更容易打哈欠。探究人员对一批志愿者分别进行了测试,方法是给受试者播放各种频频打哈欠的人的录像以及催眠的乐曲,观察哪些受试者容易打哈欠,哪些人无动于衷,再对他们进行心理测试。结果显示,不打哈欠的人往往心肠硬、近乎冷酷,容易引起别人的反感。相反,那些容易打哈欠的人大多善良、敏感、容易动情,很容易博得别人的好感。
      一群人在一起,其中有一个人打哈欠,周围的人也会跟着打起哈欠来。这种现象暗示:难道打哈欠有传染性?确实如此,打哈欠的确能传染。一些科学家通过磁共振成像的手段,对大脑影响进行了深入的研究,发现打哈欠时的脑部活动区与表示同情心的脑活动区域一致。换句话说,打哈欠的“传染”现象,可能代表了一种无意识的“心智模仿”。瑞士一位科学家设计制作了一种特殊的半身人头塑像,特殊之处在于这个人一直在甜甜地打着哈欠,给你一幅困乏欲睡的摸样。失眠者只要看着这个头像,不一会儿就会打起哈欠,然后进入梦乡。这种头像因能传染哈欠,发挥催眠作用,故称之为“安眠像”。
      打哈欠看上去虽不雅,却是人体的一种自我保护反应。每打一次哈欠,必有深沉悠长的吸气,有利于更多的氧气进入肺部到达血液。另外,打哈欠时,可驱动携氧的血液流向大脑,提升用脑效率,对脑力劳动者尤为有益。

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    Ever wonder how much a cloud weighs? What about a hurricane? A meteorologist(气象学家) has done some estimates and the results might surprise you.

    Let's start with a very simple white puffy cloud—a cumulus cloud(积云). How much does the water in a cumulus cloud weigh? Peggy LeMone, senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, did the numbers. “The water in the little cloud weighs about 550 tons,” she calculates. “Or if you want to convert it to something that might be a little more meaningful...think of elephants.” Assume(假设) an elephant weighs about six tons, she says, that would mean the water inside a typical cumulus cloud would weigh about one hundred elephants.

    The thought of a hundred elephants' worth of water floating in the sky begs another question—what keeps it up there?

    “First of all, the water isn't in elephant-sized particles(微粒); it's in tiny tiny tiny particles,” explains LeMone. And those particles float on the warmer air that's rising below. But still, the concept of so much water floating in the sky was surprising even to a meteorologist like LeMone. “I had no idea how much a cloud would weigh, actually, when I started the calculations(计算),” she says.

    So how many elephant units of water are inside a big storm cloud—10 times bigger all the way around than the “puffy” cumulus cloud? Again, LeMone did the numbers: About 200,000 elephants.

    Now, come to the calculations for a hurricane about the size of Missouri and the figures get really massive. “What we're doing is weighing the water in one cubic meter theoretically pulled from a cloud and then multiplying by the number of meters in a whole hurricane,” she explains.

    The result? Forty million elephants. That means the water in one hurricane weighs more than all the elephants on the planet. Perhaps even more than all the elephants that have ever lived on the planet.