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    生态文明是在对工业文明带来严重生态安全问题进行深刻反思基础上逐步形成和推进的一种文明形态,其要义是尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然,实现人与自然和谐共生。作为生态文明哲学基础的生态哲学是现代西方哲学范式的转型升级,把握其世界观、价值观、思维方式“三大转型”,推动生态哲学研究向纵深发展,对于人类生态文明建设具有重要意义。

    世界观转型。现代西方哲学是人与自然主客二分的哲学,它认为人是主体,人以外的生命和自然界均为客体,是人认识、利用和改造的对象。通过发挥主体力量,人类战天斗地发展生产,取得工业文明巨大成就。在这种哲学指导下,人类创造了前所未有的物质财富和精神财富。但是,全球性生态危机和社会危机对人类持续生存和发展的挑战,暴露出这种哲学的局限性。生态哲学以人与自然关系为主要研究对象,以实现人与自然和谐共生为主要目标,是一种整体论、有机论的世界观。其主要观点是,世界是人—社会—自然的复合生态系统,是一个活的有机整体、一个生命共同体。正因如此,生态哲学主张放弃首要次要之分,拒绝人类中心论。

    价值观转型。20世纪80年代,以自然价值论为核心的生态哲学思想体系逐步形成。该体系认为,地球上的生命和自然界不仅对人类生存发展有意义,而且按照生态规律生存发展。肯定生命和自然界有价值,是生态哲学成为新的哲学范式的最重要特征。美国环境伦理学会创始人罗尔斯顿指出:“传统西方伦理学未曾考虑过人类主体之外的事物的价值……在这方面似乎东方很有前途。”2000多年前,孟子曾说过:“亲亲而仁民,仁民而爱物。”他强调不仅要爱亲人爱人类,而且要由爱人推广到爱万物。这是因为,人与天地万物同为一气所生,均属于一个大生命世界,属于一个值得敬畏、带有神圣性的“天地”。

    思维方式转型。工业文明的哲学强调分析性思维,特别是以线性非循环思维指导人类行为;而生态文明思维,注重用生态系统整体性、非线性、循环性的观点和方法观察问题、解决问题。以对矿产资源的利用为例。在工业文明发展中,工业生产采用矿产—产品—废弃物的线性生产模式,这种模式难以持续。生态文明的生态化生产,通过精深加工和延长产业链,采用矿产—产品—资源再生—产品……的循环生产模式,提高资源利用效率,这是可持续的。从线性思维到循环思维的转型,为人类对矿产资源的科学、有效和最大化利用提供了丰富的可能性。

    进入新时代,我们要积极推动生态哲学研究向纵深发展,不断提高中国在生态哲学研究领域的国际话语权和影响力,让生态文明实践和生态哲学研究互相促进、相得益彰,为人类生态文明建设作出更大贡献。

(摘编自《人民日报》余谋昌《适应生态文明的哲学范式转型》)

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    South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures, languages, and religions. It has 11 official languages. If you want to say hello, it's "sawubona" in Zulu, and "hallo" in Afrikaans. Now, South Africa's school children may start using "ni hao" to say hello.

    The country's education minister says, the nation is adding the Mandarin language teaching in some schools. Mandarin is the official spoken language of China. That country is a major trading power for South Africa.

    A recent agreement between the two nations centers on five areas of cooperation. They include development in basic education, school books and lessons, mathematics and science, teacher training and career education and research.

    South Africa officials have not said how much they teaching Mandarin will cost. Troy Martens is an officials with South Africa's Ministry of Basic Education. She says the new partnership is extremely valuable.

    A public opinion study last year found that South Africans have mixed feelings about China. The survey showed 46 percent of South Africans do not like the spread of Chinese ideas and customs in their country, the results also showed that 60 percent dislike Chinese music, movies and television.

    But Ms Martens said Chinese trade is more important than those feelings. She said it is extremely helpful to learners in South Africa to study Mandarin as well as Chinese culture. And she said not every school will offer Mandarin.

    “Now this will not be compulsory, it will not be for every school, and it will not be for every child. But for schools that feel they have the capacity to offer Mandarin as a subject, we think it is a great opportunity for South African learners to be exposed to this international type of language,” said Martens.

    Lisette Noonan heads the 80-year-old Pretoria Chinese School in South Africa's capital. The school serves about 500 students from kindergarten to grade 12. Every student studies Mandarin.

    Ms Noonan says the school welcomes the new cooperation between South Africa and China. She said it is in the best interests of children to study Mandarin. She said that especially true with China becoming what she called “a huge economic power in the world”

同类题5

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    Detective Keeling took his client—a good­looking lady into the back yard of the store together. The lady opened a door in the wall and they entered the small room behind the store. They crossed the room to a locked door.

    Mr. Keeling took some special keys from his pocket. Moments later, one of the keys unlocked the door. The lady went into the store. She said she would hide under the table to keep watch on her husband. Mr. Keeling did not follow her.

    The detective went quickly to the policeman's house. Then the two men hurried to the jewellery store. They looked through the window. The policeman was surprised. He spoke to Mr. Keeling, “I don't understand. You told me, ‘Robbins took a young woman to a restaurant.' Where is she?”

    “There she is!” said Mr. Keeling. He pointed through the window.

    “Do you know the lady with Robbins?” asked the policeman.

    “That's his secret friend,” said Mr. Keeling.

    “No! You're wrong! That's Robbins' wife,” said the policeman. “I've known her for fifteen years.”

    “What?” the detective shouted. His face became pale. “Who is under the table in the store?” He started to kick the door of the jewellery store. Mr. Robbins came to the door and opened it. The policeman and the detective ran into the store.

    “Look under that table!” shouted the detective. “Be quick!”

    The policeman lifted the cloth and put his arm under the table. He pulled out a black dress, a black veil and a woman's wig(假发).

    “Is this young lady your wife?” Mr. Keeling asked the jeweller. He pointed at the woman.

    “Yes! She is my wife!” said Mr. Robbins angrily. “Why did you kick my door? Why are those clothes under my table?”

    “Please check all the jewellery in your store, Mr. Robbins,” the policeman said. “Is anything missing?”

    Some diamond rings and some expensive necklaces were missing. The missing jewellery was worth $800. Later that night, Mr. Keeling was sitting in his office. He was looking through a big book of photographs. They were photographs of criminals. The policeman had brought the book to the detective's office. Suddenly, Mr. Keeling stopped turning the pages. He looked at a picture of a handsome young man with a familiar face.

    The next morning, Mr. Keeling paid the jeweller $800, then closed his office.