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    大致说来,古代城市排水系统,一是依赖城内排水沟渠,二是依靠城中河道,两者相辅相成、相得益彰。我国历朝都很重视排水沟渠的疏浚和整修。例如,唐玄宗曾下诏修理两都街市、沟渠、道桥,而其旧沟渠,令当界乘闲整顿疏决。德宗时修石炭、贺兰两堰,并造土堰,开淘渠。民间也非常重视城中河道的日常疏通和维护。如唐懿宗咸通年间,“金陵秦淮河中,有小民棹扁舟业以淘河者”。可见,当时已经出现专门以养护河道为业的人,他们负责在河道上挖掘污泥、清除残秽,向管理部门领取报酬。

    相对而言,宋代在城市排洪防灾方面所做的工作更多一些,当时人们对于城市水系的排洪防灾作用已有深刻认识。成书于北宋元丰七年的《吴郡图经续记》就已明确指出,苏州城发达的河渠水系具有重要的排洪作用,能够“泄积潦,安居民”,“故虽名泽国,而城中未尝有垫溺荡析之患”。宋朝对河渠的管理有一套严格而科学的制度,每年定期疏浚河渠,颇见成效。有些制度则以皇帝诏书的形式加以确定。如宋真宗大中祥符八年六月诏:自令后汴水添涨及七尺五寸,即遣禁兵三千,沿河防护。哲宗元祐四年十二月诏:京城内汴河两岸,各留堤面丈有五尺,禁公私侵牟。

    北宋都城汴京,在城市排水史上占有重要的一页。汴京城水系十分发达。英国加迪夫大学建筑系访问学者刘橄介绍说,当时的北宋汴京城包括3重城壕、4 条穿城河道、各街巷的沟渠以及城内外湖池。3重城壕总蓄水容量达1765.6万立方米。4条穿城河道为汴、蔡、五丈和金水4河。根据文献记载估算,4条河道蓄水总容量约为86.63万立方米。此外,城市大街小巷有明渠暗沟等排水设施,还有凝祥、金明、琼林、玉津4个池沼。城市河道密度大、调蓄容量大是宋东京的特点,整个城市排水系统的规划设计和建造体现了很高的科技水平,城市排水设施的管理措施也很完备,是古代城市排水的典范。

    当然,需要特别提到的是宋代官员的积极努力,其中最突出的就是苏轼。苏轼曾亲自指导疏浚运河,开浚西湖。茅山河、盐桥河是杭州城内的两条大河,北连大运河而入钱塘江。由于江水与河水相混,江潮带的泥沙常常倒灌淤积到河内,殃及市内稠密的居民区,每隔三五年就需要开浚一次,既妨碍航运又费人力物力,居民患厌已久。苏轼“率僚吏亲验视”,组织人员花半年时间整治二河,使“江潮不复入市”。苏轼还大力疏浚西湖,采用一举两得的办法:取淤泥、葑草直线堆于湖中,筑起一条贯通南北的长堤,堤上筑六桥,堤上两旁种植杨柳。当地人民为了纪念他,就把这一长堤称作“苏公堤”。

    明清时期,人们对城市排洪防灾的认识,有了进一步深化和发展。清代对于城市排水系统的管护也十分重视,京城内外排水沟渠有专人分段进行管理。顺治元年,定令街道厅管理京城内外沟渠,以时疏浚。若旗民淤塞沟道,送刑部治罪。康熙五年,定修筑城壕例:护城河遇水冲坏处,内城由工部委官修筑;外城由顺天府及五城官修筑;城上挂漏处,由步军统领衙门会同工部委官修补。

(摘编自关照《海内沟河尽晏清——中国古代城市的排水系统》)

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