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Don't talk to me; I'm busy with my iPhone

    Riding a London subway, a person from China will notice one major difference: in London, people do not look at each other. In fact, eye contact is avoided at all times. That's not rudeness—people are just too busy to bother looking.

    Busy doing what, you ask? Well, they're certainly not using the time for a moment of quiet reflection, nor are they reading a book. New technology has replaced quiet habits. Today the only acceptable form of book on the London underground is an e-book.

    Apple company must earn a fortune from London commuters. Since the iPhone was put on market in 2007, over 40,000 --- yes, that's 40,000 “apps” (programs downloaded for the iPhone) have been designed.

    Commuters love them because they are the perfect time-fillers. One “app”, called iShoot, is a game that features tanks. Another one, Tube Exits, tells passengers where to sit on the train to be closest to the exit of their destination. ISteam clouds the iPhone screen when you breathe into the microphone. You can then write in the “steam” on your phone screen.

    For those without an iPhone, another Apple product, the iPod, may be another choice. It's not just teenagers who “plug in” to their music --- iPods are a popular way to pass the time for all ages.

    And if games, e-books and music aren't enough to keep you occupied. Then perhaps you would prefer a film. The development of palm DVD technology means many commuters watch their favorite TV show or film on the way to work. With all this entertainments, it's amazing that people still remember to get off the train.

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阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一:伊曼努尔·康德(1724-1804),出生于东普鲁士的哥尼斯堡,其父母都是路德宗虔诚教徒。受休谟等人的影响和启发,他建立了先验批判哲学,从而成为德国古典哲学的开创者,对西方哲学产生直接或间接影响。王阳明提出良知学说,打破了程朱理学的羁绊,对晚明的启蒙思想起着一定的激发作用。他们分别以“自由意志”和“良知”为核心建立先验道德哲学。

材料二:康德认为,自由意志就是善良意志,它是无条件的,先天的至善,是先天的绝对命令。王阳明认为“天理”即良知,是存在于人性中的天赋理则,是先天固有,不虑而知,不学而能的。康德认为意念具有选择善恶能力。人本来就具有“向善的素质”,人性中的恶是由于意念受感性欲望的影响产生。王阳明认为“有善有恶意之动”,在《大学问》里也说:“盖心之本体本无不正,自其意念发动而后有不正。故欲正其心者,必就其意念之所发动而正之。”王阳明认为,要“为善去恶”,就要穷理修身工夫,具体表现为正心、诚意、致知、格物相互贯通的过程。王阳明指出穷理修身工夫在于正心。对康德来说,为善去恶就是“意念之纯粹化”,即“恢复我们内在的具有向善的素质”。

——以上材料摘编自《康德“自由意志”和王阳明“良知”之比较》