题干

阅读下面的文字,完成下列各题。

    文学是人类生活的派生物,定性文学应该从人类生活的发生过程,从文学起源和发展的历史,特别是注重从精神层面、行为指向和实践意义的结合上把握文学的本质特征。回归文学的原生态、还原文学的原本面目,有利于发现文学与人类生活的全方位的联系,有利于摆脱原有概念扣理念的束缚,建立基于我们自己感受经验的对文学的“中国式现代理解”。其中,文学的实践意义是我们试图确立的考察和研究文学的重要维度,从这一维度出发,我们认识到,文学的各种概念化的解释都难免简单化、机械化,真正富有阐释力的应该是从实践意义上对文学行为目的一种表达,这就是:文学是人类的一种审美生活方式。

    在文学中,人们的愿望、渴求、理想、旨趣隐涵,寄予在人物、故事、情节等展开的逻辑之中,生活的肌理、价值、意义和人们的基本诉求也蕴含于文学叙事之中。虽然文学虚构的生活图景并非人的真实生活,虽然文学展现的“生活图景”并不能让人们按图索骥地重复,但文学让人们在“虚构生活”中近乎真实地看到了对象化的自我,并可能从中回味出生活的乐趣和动力。文学叙事高于平凡的生活。甚至是理想化的乌托邦,但在文学的修辞手法、多种表现手段构筑下可能美轮美奂,楚楚动人,引起人们极大的冲动和向往。所以,对于文学而言,不在于人们是否能够完全按照文学的描绘生活,而在于能够激起人们多少冲动和向往。因为人类最早创造文学的时候根本就不是出于实用的目的,初衷可能是在疲劳、痛苦、无聊之时玩笑、娱乐、虚化一下自己,甚至是进行一次自我开涮。

    从某种意义上说,文学叙事就是一种虚幻,就是让人的生活由实向虚的一种转化,而人们在许多情景中常常向往虚幻。当人们的实在生活出现矛盾、困境时,以虚化的图景予以调和、润滑、昭示,困厄也许就细而无声地度过。文学就是要构筑一种“逼真”的“非现实的生活”,而且这种“非现实的生活”还是人们极力憧憬和向往的,是人类发自内心的一种需求。文学虽然不能规划和设计社会生活,却能辅助、引领、指导人们的生活,让人们的生活充满空灵、清幽、诗意,有“窈窕淑女,君子好逑”的渴望,像“采菊东篱下,悠然见南山”那样惬意,展现“好雨知时节,当春乃发生;随风潜入夜,润物细无声”的娴静,产生“天生我材必有用,千金散去还复来”的豪放,甚至生发出对阿Q“哀其不幸,怒其不争”的慨叹。由此可见,文学的作用在于引导人们诗意地生活。

    文学作为人类创造的一种精神存在或者文化存在,是有价值的,这种价值实际上就是文学的作用或者有用性。文学的有用性并非对人们物质生活的实用性,而主要是对于人的精神发展的有用性。人的精神发展呈现两个路径:一种是理性思维及其产生的成果,如政治、哲学、宗教等,抽象高深,远离人的生活;二是形象思维(感性思维)及其产生的成果,如文学艺术,直观、形象、生动,相似于生活而又高于生活。这种“高于生活”的本质特征是审美,也就是说,文学给我们提供的“生活”是审蔓的生活。文学给我们提供了一种新的感受、体验、参悟生活的方式。它让人抛开冗繁,以文学的修辞、形象、故事、意境等对人的生活进行审美性创造,从中发现生活的意义和价值,并在这种“审美性生活”的熏染、启迪、昭示下,树立和坚定生活的信念,开创人的实践意义上的新的美好生活。就此意义而言,文学是人们的一种审美生活方式。

(选自吴圣刚《文学是一种审美生活方式》,有删改)

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阅读填空。先通读下面的短文,然后根据短文内容,在文章后表格的空格内填入一个最恰当的单词,每个空格只能填一个单词。

    It is difficult to find true friends these days. A lot of people would backstab(背后伤人). Some make friends just to use them. Others promise to be your friends but they are never there when you need them the most. They appear only when they need something from you.

    Once you find a friend who is worth keeping, make sure to take care of what you have with that person. How? Here are some tips on how to make friendship last forever:

    1).Call for no reason. Call just to say “Hi” or just to ask “What's up?” You don't need a huge or an important reason to call a friend. If you can't call, just send an e-mail. This would send a message that you remember your friends at any time of the day.

    2).Know when to say I'm sorry and thank you. Don't let pride get in the way, especially when you are wrong. The word “sorry” already has saved a lot of friendships. Show praise for the things, big or little, which your friend does for you. Did she listen to you when you were complaining about that physics exam? Did he offer his shoulders for you to cry on when somebody broke your heart? Say thank you. It's that easy.

    3).Avoid hurtful words. If you have nothing good to say, don't talk at all. Don't hurt your friend's feelings by saying hurtful words that, most of the time, you don't really mean. If you're a true friend, you will be careful with your words.

    4).Don't lie to a friend. Trust is the first thing for building up true friendship. Write them a note from time to time. Also, try to be thoughtful. Give simple gifts that will make their day.

    5).Know how to keep a secret. Show your friends that they can depend on you to be there whatever happens. If you promise to keep the secrets for your friends, just do it.

    6).Be generous with your time. Spare some time to see your friends however busy you are. You can always spare an hour or two after school or work to visit them.

    If you are the type of person who knows how to take care of friendship, you are certainly a keeper!

How to treat your friendship in a right way

Reasons for being difficult to find true friends

●Some will backstab or treat friends as____  .

●Some never give you a helping hand when you are in____  but only take something from you.

Ways of making friendship last forever

●Call for no reason or just e-mail your friend to show that you remember him at any time.

●Say sorry when you are wrong and express thanks for his help at the right time.

●Be ____  with your words so that you won't hurt your friend's feelings.

●Be an____  person and care about friends with simple gifts.

●Don't ____  your promises by letting out your friends' secrets, but show that you are a believable person.

●Be generous with your time and visit your friends although you are very busy.