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材料  掠夺殖民地是近代战争的主要起因,战争被视为国家的正当权利。第一次世界大战是这些战争的继续,……现代通信和交通工具的发明缩短了世界各地间的距离,战争才能够在全球范围内展开。同时,科技的进步带动了武器的发明,坦克、飞机、远程大炮等大大增强了武器的杀伤力,使得战争更加残酷,毁灭性更大。……第一次世界大战的发动者仍然沿用近代争夺殖民地的方式,企图用战争达到自己的目的。但是,战争一爆发,就按照自己的规律发展,远远超出了发动者短期内结束战争的预想……虽然英、法等国最终取得战争的胜利,可是战争给自身带来的打击和损失巨大到难以承受的地步……近代以来,欧美地区相继建立起民族国家。但是,西欧各国狭隘地把本民族的富强凌驾于他国之上,认为其他国家的发展就意味着自己的衰落,因此竭力削弱他国……制造所谓的“邻国的威胁”,把本国打扮成“受害者”,煽动本国人民仇恨邻国……已经失去了殖民地的德国和殖民地较少的日本难以摆脱经济危机,改变了20世纪20年代的外交政策,走上了法西斯对外侵略的战争道路。

——杨宁一主编《历史学习新视野新知识》

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    Speaking English is not only about using proper grammar.To use English effectively,you need to understand the culture in which it is spoken.Here are a number of important tips to remember when speaking English in the United States.

    Conversation tips.

    Talk about location____When speaking to strangers,ask them where they are from and then make a connection with that place.For example:“Oh,I have a friend who studied in Los Angeles.He says it's a beautiful place to live in.”  Most Americans will then willingly talk about their experiences living or visiting that particular city or area.

    Talk about work____It's not considered impolite and is a popular topic of discussion between strangers.

    Talk about sports.Americans love sports!____When speaking about football,most Americans understand “American Football”,not soccer.

    ____ Many Americans prefer first names.Americans often prefer using first names,even when dealing with people in very different positions.Americans will generally say,“Call me Tom.”and then expect you to remain on a first name basis.

    Public behavior.

    Always shake hands.____This is true for both men and women.Other forms of greeting such as kissing on the cheeks is generally not appreciated.

    Smoking is out!Smoking,even in public places,is strongly disapproved of by most Americans in the modem United States.

A.Addressing people.

B.Talking with people.

C.However,they love American sports.

D.Americans love to talk about location.

E.Americans commonly ask “What do you do?” .

F.Americans prefer to make friends with foreigners.

G.Americans shake hands when greeting each other.