A Race Against Death

    It was a cold January in 1925 in Nome, Alaska. The town was cut off from the rest of the world due to heavy snow.

    On the 20th of that month, Dr. Welch 1 a sick boy, Billy, and knew he had diphtheria, a deadly infectious(传染的) disease mainly affecting children. The children of Nome would be 2 if it struck the town. Dr. Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick3 the closest supply was over 1,000 miles away, in Anchorage.

    How could the medicine get to Nome? The town's 4 was already full of ice, so it couldn't come by ship. Cars and horses couldn't travel on the 5 roads. Jet airplanes and big trucks didn't exist yet.

    6 January 26, Billy and three other children had died. Twenty more were 7 Nome's town officials came up with a(n)8. They would have the medicine sent by9 from Anchorage to Nenana. From there, dogsled(狗拉雪橇) drivers—known as “mushers”—would 10 it to Nome in a relay(接力).

    The race began on January 27. The first musher, Shannon, picked up the medicine from the train at Nenana and rode all night.11 he handed the medicine to the next musher, Shannon's face was black from the extreme cold.

On January 31, a musher named Seppala had to12 a frozen body of water called Norton Sound. It was the most13 part of the journey. Norton Sound was covered with ice, which could sometimes break up without warning. If that happened, Seppala might fall into the icy water below. He would14 and so would the sick children of Nome. But Seppala made it across.

    A huge snowstorm hit on February 1. A musher named Kaasen had to brave this storm. At one point, huge piles of snow blocked his15 He had to leave the trail (雪橇痕迹)to get around them. Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to 16 the trail again. The only hope was Balto, Kaasen's lead dog. Balto put his nose to the ground,17 to find the smell of other dogs that had traveled on the trail. If Balto failed, it would mean disaster for Nome. The minutes passed by. Suddenly, Balto began to 18 He had found the trail.

    At 5:30 am on February 2, Kaasen and his dog 19 in Nome. Within minutes, Dr. Welch had the medicine. He quickly gave it to the sick children. All of them recovered.

Nome had been20

材料一：东汉末年，瘟疫肆虐，“家家有位尸之痛，室室有号泣之衰”。张仲景记述道：“观今之医，不念思求经旨，以演其所知，各承家技，始终顺旧”。“但竞逐荣势……惟名利是务。”“余宗族素多，向余二百。建安纪年以来，犹未十稔（年），其死亡者，三分有二……感往昔之沦丧，伤横夭之莫救，乃勤求古训，博采众方……”

——张仲景《伤寒杂病论》

材料二：夫经方之难精，由来尚矣……故学者必须博极医源，精勤不倦，不得道听途说而言医道已了，深自误哉。凡大医治病，必当安神定志，无欲无求，先发大慈恻隐之心，誓愿普救含灵之苦。若有疾厄来求救者，不得问其贵贱贫富，长幼妍媸，怨亲善友，华夷愚智，普同一等，皆如至亲之想。亦不得瞻前顾后，自虑吉凶，护惜身命。见彼苦恼，若已有之，深心凄怆。勿避险巇、昼夜寒暑、饥渴疲劳，一心赴救，无作工夫形迹之心。如此可为苍生大医，反此则是含灵巨贼。

——孙思邈《备急千金要方》

材料三：从宋太祖开宝年间开始，北宋政府和私人都编辑和刊印了医药学或医方的书籍：属于医药学方面的有几次增订的《本草》等，属于医方的有《太平圣惠方》等。从唐代以来，中国和阿拉伯之间的交通贸易日益频繁，外国的香药如乳香、龙脑、蔷薇水等都先后传入中国，因而在宋代官私编刻的医药学书籍当中，新药品种得以不断增加，至北宋末年所编刻的《政和经史证类本草》新增药品628种。北宋初年的医书都是辗转传抄的，其中所载经络俞穴部位很紊乱，仁宗初年，医官王惟一设计用铜铸成人体模型，刻画经穴，标注名称，铜人的铸造是北宋医生在医学上的一大贡献。此外，膏丹丸散等熟药的大量制作和应用，也是从北宋初年开始的，熟药的应用较汤药大为便利，这也是中国医学的一大进步。

——翦伯赞《中国史纲要》

某校地理兴趣小组的同学，将某一天三地的昼弧长短状况绘成示意图。读图，回答（1）～（2）题。