题干

阅读下列材料:

材料一:人民公社是形势发展的必然趋势。……在目前形势下,建立农林牧副渔全面发展、工农商学兵互相结合的人民公社,是指导农民加速社会主义建设,提前建成社会主义并逐步过渡到共产主义所必须采取的基本方针。

——《中共中央关于在农村建立人民公社问题的决议》

材料二:北戴河会议以后,全国农村一哄而起,大办人民公社。没有经过实验,只用一个多月的时间就基本实现公社化。……人民公社的特点叫“一大二公”,实际上就是摘“一平二调”。所谓大,就是将原来一二百户的合作社合并成为四五千户以至一二万户的人民公社,一般是一乡一社。所谓公,就是将几十上百个经济条件、贫富水平不同的合作社合并后,一切财产上交公社,多者不退,少者不补,在全社范围内统一核算,统一分配,实行部分的供给制(包括大办公共食堂、吃饭不要钱,叫做共产主义因素),造成原来的各个合作社(合并后叫大队或小队)之间、社员与社员之间严重的平均主义。同时,社员的自留地、家畜、果树等,也都被收归社有。在各“大办”中,政府和公社还经常无偿地调用生产队的土地、物资和劳动力,甚至调用社员的房屋、家具。这些实际上都是对农民的剥夺,使农民惊恐和不满,纷纷杀猪宰羊,砍树伐木,造成生产力的很大破坏,给农业生产带来灾难性的后果。

——胡绳主编《***的七十年》

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    Helen Thayer, one of the greatest explorers of the 20th century, loves challenges. She says, “I like to see what's on the other side of the hill.” She has gone almost everywhere to do that.

    In 1988, at the age of 50, she became the first woman to travel alone to the North Pole. She pulled her own sled (雪橇) piled with 160 pounds of supplies, and during her trip no one brought her fresh supplies. Accompanied (陪伴) only by her dog Charlie, she survived cold weather and meetings with polar bears. In fact, Charlie saved her life when one of them attacked her. Near the end of her trip, a forceful wind blew away the majority of her supplies. The last week of the trip, she survived on a handful of nuts and a little water each day.

    Helen goes to challenging places not only for adventure, but also for education. Before her Arctic journey, she started a website called Adventure Classroom. On the site, she shares her adventures in order to motivate (激发) students. She explains, “Although kids often see the world in a negative way, without hope for their future, we work to inspire them to set goals, plan for success and never give up…” Helen grew up in New Zealand. Her parents were athletes and mountain climbers. Following how parents' example, she climbed her first mountain at 9. Later, she climbed the highest mountains in North and South America, the former USSR and New Zealand.

    In 1996, she took on another challenge-the Sahara Desert. She and her husband, Bill, walked 2,400 miles across it! In 2001, she and Bill traveled on foot from west to east through the Gobi Desert in Mongolia. They hope to travel in mainland China into Sichuan and Tibet to study pandas this year.

    Helen plans to continue taking trips. She'll use her colorations, writing, photography and environmental work to create programs for her Adventure Classroom website. She wants to inspire her students never to stop facing challenges!