张永德，字抱一，并州阳曲人。家世饶财。父颖事晋至安州防御使。

    永德生四岁，母马氏被出，育于祖母，事继母刘，以孝闻。周祖^①初为侍卫吏，与颖善，乃以女妻永德。永德迎其母妻诣宋州时寇贼充斥乃易弊衣毁容仪居委巷中有贼过即邀乞焉绐曰此悲田院耳。贼即舍去，繇^②是免祸。

    乾祐中，命赐潞帅常遇生辰礼币。遇，周祖之外兄弟也。时周祖镇邺，被谗，族其家。永德在潞州，闻有密诏授遇，永德探知其意，谓遇曰：“得非莅杀永德耶？永德即死无怨，恐累君侯家耳。”遇愕然曰：“何谓也？”永德曰：“奸邪蠹政，郭公誓清君侧，愿且以永德属吏，事成足以为德，不成死未晚。”遇以为然，止令壮士严卫，然所以馈之甚厚。亲问之曰：“君视丈人事得成否？”永德曰：“殆必成。”未几，周祖使至，遇贺且谢曰：“老夫几误大事。”

    显德元年，并州刘崇引契丹来侵。世宗亲征，战于高平，大将樊爱能、何徽方战退衄^③。时太祖与永德各领牙兵二千，永德部下善左射，太祖与永德厉兵分进，大捷，降崇军七千余众。及驻上党，世宗昼卧帐中，召永德语曰：“前日高平之战，主将殊不用命，樊爱能而下，吾将案之以法。”永德曰：“陛下欲固守封疆则已，必欲开拓疆宇，威加四海，宜痛惩其失。”世宗掷枕于地，大呼称善。翌日，诛二将以徇，军威大振。

    太祖即位，加兼侍中。会出师讨金陵，永德以己资造战船数十艘，运粮万斛，自顺阳沿汉水而下。富民高进者，豪横莫能禁，永德乃发其奸，置于法。进潜诣阙，诬永德缘险固置十余砦，图为不轨。太祖命枢密都承旨曹翰领骑兵察之，诘其砦所，进曰：“张侍中诛我宗党殆尽，希中以法，报私愤尔。”翰以进授永德，永德遽解缚就市，笞而释之。时称其长者。

（选自《宋史·张永德传》，有删改）

【注】①周祖：后周太祖郭威。②繇：古同“由”，从、自。③衄（nǜ）：引申指挫伤、失败。

针对学生群体中的“拖延症”现象，某校学生“创客”社团设计了一款手机应用软件，该软件具有如下功能：（    ）

同学们从哲学角度对这一设计进行讨论，下列分析合理的有

①“目标”强调意识的目的性，能使我心无旁骛，抓紧时间

②“任务拆分”把整体分解成部分，避免因为任务庞大而畏难不前

③“量化评估”创造了新的规律，督促我有条不紊地完成任务

④“同伴激励”强调外部矛盾的作用更为重要，大家会因此不甘落后

    Seventy years ago, a group of well-known people from the art world headed by an Austrian conductor decided to hold an international festival of music, dance and theater in Edinburgh. The idea was to reunite Europe after the Second World War.

    It quickly attracted famous names such as Alec Guinness, Richard Burton, Dame Margot Fonteyn and Marlene Dietrich as well as the big symphony orchestras (交响乐团). It became a fixed event every August and now attracts 400,000 people yearly.

    At the same time, the “Fringe” appeared as a challenge to the official festival. Eight theater groups turned up uninvited in 1947, in the belief that everyone should have the right to perform, and they did so in a public house disused for years.

    Soon, groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University, and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theater by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.

    Today the “Fringe”, once less recognized, has far outgrown the festival with around 1,500 performances of theater, music and dance on every one of the 21 days it lasts. And yet as early as 1959, with only 19 theater groups performing, some said it was getting too big.

    A paid administrator was first employed only in 1971, and today there are eight administrators working all year round and the number rises to 150 during August itself. In 2004 there were 200 places housing 1,695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different countries. More than 1.25 million tickets were sold.