阅读理解

    I believe that my country，Poland，is a perfect example for a place where food is particularly important. When we were little children, we began to understand how much a loaf of bread meant to our parents—to some it might sound silly but for me the custom of kissing bread before you started cutting it was simply amazing. It's not so common nowadays to treat food that way，since you hardly ever bake your own bread. Besides, everyone would call you crazy if you tried to kiss every bread roll before you ate them! But though we no longer make our food from scratch (起点), some customs have been kept—that's why I feel so sorry every time I have to throw any food away—even though I no longer live with my parents and nobody would blame me for this anymore!

    Many people of our nation are still working as farmers, eating what they grow and harvest and therefore enjoying everything more. It's widely known that you value more anything that needs your effort in the first place. In most homes in Poland, especially those of farmers, the whole family would try and have their meals together—extremely difficult now, but so rewarding! You can share other members' troubles and successes, give your children some attention, or just sit down for a moment, instead of rushing through life aimlessly. Furthermore, your body，and stomach in particular will be very grateful for such a time!

    In Poland, a wedding，Christmas or even a birthday is celebrated with a great meal. Women in the house get together and cook ,sometimes for a few days before the event，and the extremely good or unusual food will be remembered and widely talked about.

    You cannot over-value the importance of food in the country. What's more, almost everyone in Poland will be as interested in the topic as I am.

设$\overrightarrow{e_1}$,$\overrightarrow{e_2}$是两个不共线的向量，$\overrightarrow{AB}$=2$\overrightarrow{e_1}$+k$\overrightarrow{e_2}$，$\overrightarrow{CB}$=$\overrightarrow{e_1}$+3$\overrightarrow{e_2}$,$\overrightarrow{CD}$=2$\overrightarrow{e_1}$-$\overrightarrow{e_2}$若A、B、D三点共线，求k的值．

超强记忆力不足取

万维钢

    ①凭借电视史上最“兴师动众”的道具组、一众脑力强大的素人选手、科学性与趣味性相结合的项目设计，江苏卫视《最强大脑4》于2017年1月霸气回归荧屏，再次引发收视热潮。而社会上不少训练超强大脑机构因时而起，这也让不少人质疑：过度宣扬超强记忆，会不会误导观众特别是学生痴迷于拥有超强记忆力而荒废学业。

    ②其实，世界上有很多功夫可以把“简单”积累成“复杂”。比如你研究过很多数学题，这些问题有可能在你大脑中发生化学反应，让你举一反三甚至上个档次，“从量变到质变”。但是记忆功夫，量变永远是量变，你背诵了很多位圆周率，也就是如此而已。思想的质变不容易观测，而记忆力的量变很适合表演，人们一提“最强大脑”，首先想到的是记忆力。但是关于记忆力，我们得知道三点：正常人也可以练就超强记忆力；再强的记忆力也不能“把胳肢窝变成海参”；超强记忆力反而有害。

    ③记忆数字的民间训练方法是“谐音记忆法”，专业选手的技术是“形象化”。所有专业记忆力比赛，本质上比的都是想象力。参赛人大多是普通人，只不过经过艰苦的训练，记忆力之外没有其他特长，除了极少数真正的天才。有些疾病会导致超强记忆力，比如“学者综合症”“阿斯伯格综合症”，这些都与自闭症有关。美国人Kim Peek患有自闭症。他的大脑没有胼胝体——连接两侧半球的最重要的联合纤维，小脑也损坏了，直到4岁才学会走路，情绪不稳定，很容易发怒。但Peek可以同时阅读两个书页，左右眼各看一页，只一遍就能完美记住内容，永不会忘记。他曾在图书馆里向测试者背诵看过的任何一本书，据说他记住的书超过12000本。Peek的故事被拍成电影《雨人》。雨人虽然过目不忘，却不能理解自己背诵内容的意思。Peek曾经靠神奇的记忆力和心算能力在一个小公司做会计，但是10年后，被一台计算机和两个真正的会计取代了。

    ④在书本匮乏、昂贵的年代，你出口成诵，别人会肃然起敬，现在人人都有手机能随时记录和查找任何东西，还投入时间金钱训练超强记忆力就荒唐了。很多真正厉害的大脑自带超强的记忆功能，比如冯诺依曼、钱学森等，但这是这些牛人大脑的副作用，绝非安身立命之本。一般人的记忆力有限，给你看一张照片，过段时间你大概只能忆起几个物体的概念而不是细节，如此不精确的记忆何以让我们生存下来？这恰恰是进化的优势！忽略细节，才能抓住要点。贵人多忘事，是因为“贵人”要思考优先级别的事情，对于他们，想象力应该用在创造上而不是努力记住小数点后面很远的数字。真正实用的人才，读书得像诸葛亮那样“观其大略”而不是训练超强的记忆力去背诵电话号码和火车时刻表。

    ⑤事实上，超强记忆力不但对学习无益，还可能有害。我们所学的知识有很强的结构性，正确的学习方法，是根据知识的逻辑和原理记忆。超强记忆法则是用想象力另外建立一种联系，是把码好的乐高积木拆开、重新排列，不但多此一举，而且具有破坏性。超强记忆法用得越多，理解度可能越差，练习超强记忆力不是做学问的正途，是邪道。虽然有参加记忆训练的人表示，自己因为记忆力提高，考试成绩变好，可是我要说如果把练习记忆力的功夫直接花在准备考试上，成绩会更好。

（选自2017年1月《新华日报》，有删改）