题干

2011年上半年,日本福岛核电站发生核泄漏,一些放射性物质随大气环流而扩散.我国一些城市的空气中和蔬菜叶面上曾检测出极微量放射性物质.

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    Many animals around us are smart. Let's get to know some of them.

    Dolphins are smarter animals in the sea. Researchers put sea animals to a test. In the test, the researchers made red marks on the animal's bodies and took them in front of a mirror. Many sea animals either ran away or fought with the ones in the mirror. However, when the dolphins saw themselves in the mirror, they tried to clean the red marks off their bodies. So the researchers believed that the dolphins knew the ones in the mirror were just themselves.


    Bees work hard, and they are smart enough to learn something. Researchers found a group of bees and taught them to tell which horizontal line (水平线) was higher than the other. If they could find the higher line, they would get sugar as a prize. After training for a period of time, the researchers tested the bees. To their surprise, the bees found the higher horizontal line quickly and got sugar. Instead, when the researchers showed them vertical lines (垂直线), the bees simply flew away, because they knew there was no way to get sugar.


    Chimpanzees (黑猩猩) are very human-like. They can learn fast and well. Researchers showed the numbers from one to nine on the screen. Chimpanzees and some college students were asked to remember where the numbers were after watching the numbers in less than a second. The adult chimpanzees and the college students performed almost the same, but the young chimpanzees performed much better. It was amazing.

同类题4

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    ①美食、睡到自然醒、朋友的温暖祝福……这些生活中微小而确切的幸福,被称为“小确幸”。近年来,“小确幸”很受年轻人追捧,他们常常是在梦想遇挫之后,发热的头脑或者如火的热情开始降温,便开始慢慢学会享受“小确幸”。

    ②最初,“小确幸”是被各方肯定的。毕竟关注确切的幸福,意味着珍惜当下,不再躁动不安,不再好高骛远,没什么不好。不过,最早流行“小确幸”的台湾,今年以来却传出不少批评的声音。有人认为,很多年轻人最大的梦想就是开一间咖啡店,没有远大的目标。如果年轻人耽于“小确幸”,不思进取,将损及台湾未来的竞争力。

    ③当然,担忧者都是有一定年纪的老先生。他们担心,理想遇挫的年轻人,是通过生活细节寻找自我存在感,从而迷上“小确幸”;他们担心,如果最具活力和激情的年轻人,都失去朝气,安于现状,个人的“小确幸”将演变成社会之“大不幸”。而年轻人大都不认同老先生们,他们认为“小确幸”不过是闻到雨后草香的片刻欢愉,享受几秒整理干净衣服的惬意宁静,哪能产生那么大的毒副作用?

    ④这场对话不仅有隔着“代沟”的误解,也有对“小确幸”本身的误会。同样是开咖啡店,有的是消沉后的归隐,有的却可能充满朝气和创意。追根溯源,“小确幸”一词来源于日本作家村上春树的作品,但享受生活中简单的快乐,却并非自村上始。数十年前,林语堂提倡闲适生活,便很有“小确幸”的味道。林语堂说,自己最幸福的时候就是躺在床上的那一刻。他还喜欢边吃花生,边写作。这些经典镜头无疑都是“小确幸”。可是,这位文学大师却从不颓废,晚年也笔耕不辍,77岁高龄时还完成了一部《当代汉英词典》。“小确幸”本身没有所谓对与错,重点在于它装点的是什么样的人生。

    ⑤梁漱溟在《朝话》中,谈到人生的三种态度。一是“逐求”,追求名利以及一切物质享受;二是“厌离”,厌离人世;三是“郑重”,“自觉地听其生命之自然流行”,“将全副精神照顾当下”。按照这种区分,逐名求利的“小确幸”只能让人“颠倒迷离于苦乐之中”,与其他动物没有差别。如果处于“厌离”状态,理想遇挫,心灰意冷,“小确幸”则只是精神麻醉剂,以点滴小欢愉,忘记人生的无聊和痛苦,那么老先生们将不幸言中。但是,“小确幸”也可以是“郑重”的。“郑重”两字用得极好,既有认真珍视当下、抓住一切机会之意,也有脚踏实地、不懈努力之心。怀着一颗“郑重”的心享受“小确幸”,既自觉、踏实地去工作生活,又懂得体会日常的小幸福,开间咖啡店又何妨?

    ⑥倘能进入这样的人生状态,不仅青春无悔,遭遇的所有挫折也都是值得的了。

(选自2014年8月5日《人民日报》,有改动)