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申遗成功是文化保护新起点

塔元培

    日前，德国波恩第三十九届世界遗产大会上为中国响起的掌声，让远在万里之外的人们欣喜。世界遗产委员会各成员一致同意，湖南永顺老司城遗址、湖北恩施唐崖土司城遗址、贵州遵义海龙屯土司遗址获准列入《世界遗产名录》。至此，中国世界遗产总数已达48项，位居全球第二。

在国人的印象中，申遗成功或许不算什么大新闻，但对于生活在我国西南山区的土家族、苗族和仡佬族同胞来说，“土司遗址”跻身世界遗产殿堂，是令人瞩目的文化事件，绵延千百年、凝聚“齐政修教、因俗而治”管理智慧的土司制度及其文化，也因此向世界揭开了神秘面纱。各美其美，美美与共，当“世界遗产”在广袤中国大地上，拥有了来自更广大区域、更众多民族的新注解，中国传承文化、保护遗产的努力，再次得到了世界肯定。

    从1985年加入《世界遗产公约》算起，中国的“申遗之路”已走过30年。与改革开放的时代潮流相伴，拥有五千年不断流的文化的中国人，在走向现代化的路上，对这片土地上的文化遗产，不断加深着认识和理解，加大着保护与传承的力度。目前，除了近50处世界遗产，我国还有国家历史文化名城125个，历史文化名镇252个、历史文化名村276个。这些数字的背后，是从中央到地方、从政府到社会为文化遗产倾注的努力，是赓续文脉、珍视文化的普遍共识。

    《世界遗产公约》第四条明确指出，文化和自然遗产的确定、保护、保存、展出和遗传后代，主要是有关国家的责任。从这个意义上说，世界遗产的名号，意味着更大的责任。申遗成功不是终点，而是履行保护责任的新起点。

    此次申遗成功的土司遗址，非常脆弱，不易保护。令人欣慰的是，得知入选的好消息，各地在喜悦的同时，也表达着对保护责任的清醒与担当。在永顺老司城，当地县委书记的第一反应是“进一步完善保护体系”，制定村规民约，对遗址区进行24小时巡查值守；在遵义海龙屯，当地政府正在谋划关口、城墙等遗存的修缮保护，聘请专家学者把脉文物安全。

    当然，如果把观察的视野打开，在越来越重视遗产保护的今天，依然存在一些现实问题。在一些地方，存在重申报轻保护、重开发轻保护等倾向，一些人把申遗作为一项政绩工程来抓，不惜投入大量人力物力，申报下来后却忽略了后续的科学保护和管理；一些地方将历史建筑改造成豪华酒店，为做大“门票经济”不顾文化遗产的承受力，心里只算经济账。凡此种种，都会对文化遗产造成伤害，造成难以弥合的裂痕。

在文化传承中，保护与开发是永恒的课题。文化遗产不可复制，也不能再造，不管是申遗还是入选之后，保护应该始终放在第一位。也只有做好保护，文化遗产才能可持续利用，更好造福于民、传之子孙。因此，算好文化账、算清社会效益账，而不是以“摇钱树”思维看待文化遗产，应该是我们面对先人文化财富的最基本立场。

    一位80多岁的美国老华侨曾感慨，少小离家的他对家乡的印象已经模糊，唯一记得的是家乡的小庙，临行前他在庙里磕头，走的时候也是一步一回头。“望得见山、看得见水、记得住乡愁”，本质上是一种文化的忧思与向往，这是全社会共同面对的课题。德国波恩世遗大会上发表了《“为遗产联合起来”波恩宣言》。而在中国，今年文化遗产日的主题是“保护成果，全民共享”。不忘本来才能开辟未来，每个人都

行动起来，少一些“到此一游”的任性，多一些敬畏文物的自觉，不断守好人类共有的文化遗产，才能让它的光芒照亮心灵。

（选自2015年7月6日《人民日报》）

在一次专题学习中，某同学将该历史事件的意义和地位概述为：她的成立，是中国历史上开天辟地的大事。自从有了她，中国革命的面貌就焕然一新了。由此推测，文段中的“她”指的是（   ）

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