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    Now scientists have discovered that the dogs behave like their masters, too. Just like children, they use a “ look and learn” ways when they go about their tasks.
    Scientists at Oxford universities designed an experiment to test if the dogs have the ability to copy humans' actions by using a simple wooden box. 10 owners showed their dogs how to open the wooden box .Sometimes they use their heads to push it and sometimes they use their hands.
    10 dogs were divided into two groups---Group 1 and Group 2. In the first part of the test, Group 1 were rewarded with a piece of meat for copying their owner's actions. Group 2 were rewarded with food for not copying and using other ways. With each dog the experiment was repeated hundreds of times. Scientists recorded the time to see which group was first to get 85% right. They found that Group1finished the task much sooner than Group 2.
    In the second part of the test, all the dogs were only rewarded for copying the way that their owners used. Group1 reached the 85% mark more quickly than Group 2.
    So the scientists draw a conclusion: “Like humans, dogs can copy actions that they see. Dogs' imitative(仿效的)behavior is shaped more by their interactions(互动)with humans than by evolution(进化).”
    Scientists said,“A dog's behavior is influenced much like that of a child; they look and learn similar behavior. We hope that owners understand the importance of their actions and use this knowledge to set good examples and therefore have a good effect on the behavior of their pets.”

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云南松怕冷的秘密

罗红里

    既为“岁寒三友”之一,松树当然是不怕冷的了。没想到云南二月的一场尾寒,真个把好生生上万亩云南松冻得直打抖,枝枯叶败后冷死了。

    云南人怕冷,难道云南松也怕冷吗?

    松树怕冷,自是奇闻。人说云南的松树是云南的好天气宠坏了,这却是天大的冤枉。

    俗话说“好汉就怕病来磨”。松树——这树中的伟丈夫正是被一种叫作致冰细菌的恶魔折磨着呢。你也许不知道,在自然界成千上万的细菌家族中,有两个怕羞的小兄弟:一个叫丁香假单胞菌,一个叫草生欧文氏菌。它们好像很有修养:干净,爱绿色,专居留叶面。可是如果你真认为它们是君子国里的良民,那就上当了。

    人类最好的朋友——水,有一个怪脾气:从4℃开始,越冷越发“胖”,到

     0℃时就结冰啦!也许,你没听说过,有低于0℃而不结冰的超冷水吧?我们的水朋友在植物体内,即使气温降到零下几摄氏度时,它也不结冰而是保持超冷水的姿态,使植物能持续经受-6℃~-8℃的寒冷而不致冻坏。水是植物的血液,血液涌动着,不会析出冰晶,生命组织形态正常,松树能怕冷吗?

    偏偏这两个恶魔,有一手被科学家称作催冻致凝基因的真传:当气温急剧下降,它们会在叶面形成一个特殊的晶核,引起植物体内的超冷水结晶。科学家叫它们冰晶种子。

    植物的血液凝固了,这命还能保吗?许多像松树这样的好汉都被这两个病魔缠倒了。这种植物冻害,也直接打击了人类。

    俗话说“助人如助己”。为了帮助水朋友,科学家们捉住了丁香假单胞菌,对其真传的基因片段进行脱胎换骨手术,然后再将失去致冻基因的片段重新放回原处,缴了械的细菌就再也不能致冻了。树木生长季节到了,人们把经过改造的细菌喷射到大片树林上,它们以全新的面目取而代之,将那些没经过改造的丑恶的同类排挤掉。于是,致冻菌不致凝了,气血顺畅,云南松不怕冷了。这就是遗传工程在防霜冻灾害上的应用。