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有一个标有“2.5V  0.3A”的小灯泡某同学计算出它的灯丝电阻是8.3Ω但用欧姆表（测量电阻的仪表）测得的结果是2.5Ω。关于这差异最合理的解释是：灯丝的电阻随____而改变。

    Last year I ruined (毁) my summer vacation by bringing along a modem convenience that was too convenient for my own good: the iPad. Instead of looking at nature, I checked my email. Instead of paddling a small boat, I followed my Twitter feed (推特简讯). Instead of reading great novels, I stuck to reading four newspapers each morning. I was behaving as if I were still in the office. My body was on vacation but my head wasn't.

    So this year I made up my mind to try something different: withdrawal (退出) from the Internet. I knew it wouldn't be easy, since Fm bad at self-control. But I was determined. I started by giving the iPad to my wife.

    The cellphone signal (信号) at our house was worse than in the past, making my attempts at cheating an experience in frustration (沮丧). I was trapped, forced to go through with my plan. Largely cut off from email, Twitter and my favorite newspaper websites, I had few ways to connect to the world except for radio and how much radio can one listen to, really? I had to do what I had planned to all along: read books.

    This experience has had a happy ending. With determination and the strong support of my wife, I won in my vacation struggle against the Internet, realizing finally that it was I, not the iPad, that was the problem. I knew I had won when we passed a Starbucks and my wife asked if I wanted to stop to use the Wi-Fi. “I don't need it,” I said.

    However, as we return to post-vacation life, a harder test begins: Can I continue when Fm back at work? There are times when the need to know what's being said right now is great. And I have no intention (愿望) of giving up my convenience completely. But I hope to resist (抵抗) the temptation (诱惑) to check my email every five minutes, which leads to checking my Twitter feed and a website or two.

    I think a vacation is supposed to help you reset your brain to become more productive. Here I hope this one worked.

研究角度一：古代民主政治的发展

如果公民大会通过了某项议案，那么这一议案就成为所有公民必须遵循和执行的法律。……其中的一些重要法律要委托大会秘书刻碑存证。碑文的开头必然是“议事会和人民决议”，或仅仅是“人民决议”，……雅典民主政权机关的运作机制和操作程序，以及不同构成单位之间的整合关系正是依赖这些法律才得以存在和运行的。

——廖学盛《世界历史十五讲》

研究角度二：各具特色的民主政体

资产阶级的这种发展的每个阶段，都伴随着相应的政治上的进展。它在封建主统治下是被压迫的等级……从大工业和世界市场建立的时候起，它在现代的代议制国家里夺得了独占的政治统治。——《共产党宣言》

研究角度三：法制化与民主进程

材料一  《联邦宪法》(指1787年宪法)的制定者们在热切希望建立强有力的中央政府的同时，一刻也没有放松对于一切形式的专制政治的警惕。

——马克垚《世界文明史》

材料二  美国黑人领袖马丁·路德·金在谈到1787年宪法时说：“一个向上帝要求赋予自由的民族，没有迈出同时给予非洲人自由的第一步是不应该的。”

研究角度四：“旧邦改造”与“人民当家作主”

近百年来，中国社会各阶层进行着“旧邦改造”的实践。中华人民共和国成立后，开创了以国家根本大法的形式确立了人民当家作主的政治局面。