Elephants in Uganda are starting to come close to villages near national parks. The big animals are a real danger to people.

    So, the Uganda Wildlife Authority has been giving people new tools to keep the elephants away: vuvuzelas. They are plastic instruments some fans use at sports events.

    The instruments make a loud sound elephants do not like. The animals leave, and no one is harmed. A spokesperson for the Uganda Wildlife Authority says vuvuzelas work because they do not threaten the elephants. That is important because an elephant that feels threatened is more likely to attack. So far, no one has reported an elephant attacking in answer to a vuvuzela.

    Officials and villagers have tried other ways to stop elephants from coming near farms and houses. They have built beehives – houses for flying insects that sting. They have hung ropes covered in spicy oil. They have dug long, deep holes. And they have used guns, called A-K47s.

    An official from the Uganda Wildlife Authority explains that people shoot the gun in the air to scare the elephant. But over time, the elephants have stopped being afraid of the sound of the gun. They only look at the shooter and wave their ears.

    Another official for the Uganda Wildlife Authority, Gessa Simblicious, says one elephant-prevention solution will not work everywhere in Uganda. And one day, elephants may accept the vuvuzela noise, just as they do the sound of the A-K47.

    But right now, vuvuzelas are an effective, non-violent and fun way to deal with a serious problem.

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美文品析

阅读下文，完成下列问题。

北平的零食小贩

梁实秋

①北平人馋。馋，据字典说是“贪食也”，其实不只是贪食，是贪食各种美味之食。美味当前，固然馋涎欲滴，即使闲来无事，馋虫亦在咽喉中抓挠，迫切地需要一点什么一膏馋吻。三餐时固然希望膏粱罗列，任我下箸，三餐以外的时间也一样的想馋嚼，以锻炼其咀嚼筋。看鹭鸶的长颈都有一点羡慕，因为颈长可能享受更多徐徐下咽之感，此之谓馋，馋字在外国语中无适当的字可以代替，所以讲到馋，真“不足为外人道”。有人说北平人之所以特别馋，是由于当年的八旗子弟游手好闲的太多，闲就要生事，在吃上打主意自然也是可以理解的。所以各式各样的零食小贩便应运而生，自晨至夜逡巡于大街小巷之中。

②北平小贩的吆喝声是很特殊的。我不知道这与平剧有无关系，其抑扬顿挫，变化颇多，有的豪放如唱大花脸，有的沉闷如黑头，又有的清脆如生旦，在白昼给浩浩欲沸的市声平添不少情趣，在夜晚又给寂静的夜带来一些清凉。细听小贩的呼声，则有直譬，有隐喻，有时竟像谜语一般的耐人寻味。而且他们的吆喝声，数十年如一日，不曾有过改变。我如今闭目沉思，北平零食小贩的呼声俨然在耳，一个个如在目前。现在让我就记忆所及，细细数说。

③首先让我提起“豆汁”。绿豆渣发酵后煮成稀汤，是为豆汁，淡草绿色而又微黄，味酸而又带一点霉味，稠稠的，浑浑的，热热的。佐以辣咸菜，即棺材板切细丝，加芹菜梗，辣椒丝或末。有时亦备较高级之酱菜如酱萝卜酱黄瓜之类，但反不如辣咸菜之可口，午后啜三两碗，愈吃愈辣，愈辣愈喝，愈喝愈热，终至大汗淋漓，舌尖麻木而止。北平城里人没有不嗜豆汁者，但一出城则豆渣只有喂猪的份，乡下人没有喝豆汁的。外省人居住北平二三十年往往不能养成喝豆汁的习惯。能喝豆汁的人才算是真正的北平人。

④其次是……

⑤北地苦寒，冬夜特别寂静，令人难忘的是那卖“水萝卜”的声音，“萝卜——赛梨——辣了换!”那红绿萝卜，多汁而甘脆，切得又好，对于北方煨在火炉旁边的人特别有沁人脾胃之效。这等萝卜，别处没有。

⑥有一种内空而瘪小的花生，大概是检选出来的不够标准的花生，炒焦了之后，其味特香，远在白胖的花生之上，名曰“抓空儿”，亦是冬夜的一种点缀。

⑦水果类则四季不绝地应世，诸如：三白的大西瓜、羊角蜜、老头儿乐、鸭儿梨、小白梨、肖梨、糖梨、烂酸梨、沙果、苹果、虎拉车、杏、桃、李、山里红、柿子、黑枣、嘎嘎枣、老虎眼大酸枣、荸荠、海棠、葡萄、莲蓬、藕、樱桃、桑葚、槟子……不可胜举，都在沿门求售。

⑧以上约略举说，只就记忆所及，挂漏必多。而且数十年来，北平也正在变动，有些小贩由式微而没落，也有些新的应运而生，比我长一辈的人所见所闻可能比我要丰富些，比我年轻的人可能遇到一些较新鲜而失去北平特色的事物。总而言之，北平是在向新颖而庸俗方面变，在零食小贩上即可窥见一斑。如今呢，胡尘涨宇，面目全非，这些小贩，还能保存一二与否，恐怕在不可知之数了。但愿我的回忆不是永远的成为回忆!

(选自《青年时讯》2013年第5期)