题干

19世纪中叶,欧洲产妇在医院分娩的死亡率比在家中分娩高很多.塞曼尔维斯偶然发现,一位医生在解剖尸体时划伤手指,不久就死亡,其症状与产妇死亡一样.他怀疑产妇尸体中有一种“尸体物质”,经医生的手或手术器械,会进入分娩产妇体内.经观察试验,了解到以下信息:

A.医院对手术器械不消毒,医生在手术和解剖尸体时不戴手套;

B.维也纳总医院的第一妇产科医生解剖尸体后常直接从解剖室去帮助产妇分娩,第二妇产科医生无需解剖尸体;

C.塞曼尔维斯要求对手术器械进行消毒,助产医生在进病房之前用氯水消毒液清洗双手,消毒前后医院产妇死亡率变化情况如下表:

           维也纳总医院产妇死亡率(19世纪中叶)


1848年前:在用氯水消毒之前

1848年:用氯水消毒之后

第二妇产科

200/10000

130/10000

第一妇产科

2000/10000

120/10000

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