A newly-published study has shown that loneliness can spread from one person to another，like a disease. Researchers used information from the Framingham Heart Study，which began in 1948. The Framingham Heart Study gathers information about physical and mental health，personal behavior and diet. At first，the study involved（使参加）about 5,000 people in the American state of Massachusetts. Now more than 12,000 individuals（个人）are taking part.

Information from the Framingham Heart Study showed earlier that happiness can spread from person to person. So can behavior like littering and the ability to stop smoking.

Psychologist John Cacioppo，at the University of Chicago，led the recent study. He and other researchers tried to show how often people felt lonely. They found that the feeling of loneliness spread through social groups.

Having a social connection with a lonely person increased the chances that another individual would feel lonely. In fact，a friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. A friend of that person was 25%more likely. The researchers said this shows that a person could indirectly be affected by someone’s loneliness.

The effect was the strongest among friends. Neighbors were the second most affected group. The effect was weaker on husbands and wives，and brothers and sisters. The researchers also found that loneliness spread more easily among women than men.

The New York Times newspaper reported that，on average，people experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. It also found that every additional（额外的）friend can decrease loneliness by about five percent，or two and a half fewer lonely days.

Loneliness has been linked to health problems like depression（抑郁症）and sleeping difficulties. The researchers believe that knowing the causes of loneliness could help reduce it.

The study suggested that people can take steps to stop the spread of loneliness. They can do this by helping individuals they know who may be experiencing loneliness. The result can be helpful to the whole social group.

【小题1】As for the Framingham Heart Study we can learn that __________.

A．it was only conducted in 1948	B．it involves more than 12, 000 people
C．it was founded by John Cacioppo	D．it showed that any behavior could spread

【小题2】From the passage, we can learn that __________.

A．the behavior of littering doesn’t spread

B．a lonely person won’t have friends

C．everyone may be affected by others’ loneliness

D．lonely people don’t know the causes of their loneliness

【小题3】Which statement about the spread of loneliness is TRUE?

A．The spreading effect is the second strongest among friends.

B．No spreading effect is found on husbands and wives.

C．Women are more likely to be affected than men.

D．Brothers are more easily to be affected than neighbors.

【小题4】What is the main idea of the passage？

A．Action should be taken to help lonely people.	B．People feel lonely for many reasons.
C．Ways to fight against loneliness.	D．Lonely people can affect others.

语法填空

How can we learn and master a foreign language well？【小题1】（know）a foreign language thoroughly, we must pay attention to the four things that follow. Firstly, we must understand the language when we hear 【小题2】 spoken. Secondly, we must be able to speak it 【小题3】（confidence）and without hesitation. Thirdly, we must be able to read the language, and fourthly, we must be able to write it and make sentences that 【小题4】（be）grammatically correct.

There is no easy way to succeed in language learning. A good memory is of great help, 【小题5】 it is not enough only to memorize rules from a grammar book .It is not much use 【小题6】（learn）by heart longlists of words and their 【小题7】（mean）, studying the dictionary and so on. We must learn by using the language. If we are satisfied with only a few rules we 【小题8】（memorize）, we are not really learning the language. "Learn through use" is a good piece of advice for those 【小题9】 are studying a new language. Practice is 【小题10】（importance）.We must practise using the language whenever we can.

She looked at his fingers with wonder as they turned each page and suddenly reached for his hand. She was amazed by his and the softness and warmth of his skin.

A．fingernails

B．fountain

C．fuel

D．figure

翻译句子
【小题1】你可以借我的字典，只要你按时归还。(as long as)
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【小题2】如果我是你，我会选择一个更好的方法来解决这个问题。(虚拟语气)
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【小题3】我把每天晚饭后散步作为我的习惯。(it作形式宾语)
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【小题4】我跑得比以前都要快，到达学校操场时上气不接下气。(动词-ing形式短语作状语)
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【小题5】他们要导游立即就旅行计划的任何改变向他们作出解释，这个要求是合理的。(同位语从句)
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【小题6】并不是每个学生都支持我们尽早出发的建议。（部分否定）
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   Brandon Paulin is the top official in the town of Indian Head even if he is only 19years old. Mr. Paulin started the job in May, and his first goal is to recover the business in the town. The area is about two and a half kilometers wide and sits between two rivers. About 4,000 people live there. It includes small businesses, old homes on tree-lined streets, and new townhouses along the highway. It is about an hour's drive away from Washington, D. C. But on the way to the capital, the highway passes the remains of closed businesses. The shops failed largely because of competition from shopping centers in larger cities.

Mr. Paulin says when some people drive into Indian Head and see the empty buildings, they just turn around and leave. He hopes to return the town to a friendly and successful place with natural beauty where people want to live and visit. “Many years ago,Indian Head was a booming(繁荣的) town, and that's what I want to get back,” he said.

Right now, the people who own the old, empty buildings are permitted to use their properties to reduce their taxes. Mr. Paulin wants to change the situation. He plans to charge owners a fee for empty buildings,and to increase the cost every year.

The owner of a local health food  store where Mr. Paulin buys fruit drinks is also happy about the young mayor. Kelly Murphy says,“His age doesn't bother me. I know he's excited, and I feel when we get around him, we will feel excited too. We've lost that for many years in this town. ”

Mr. Paulin began taking part in city politics at the age of 10. At that time, he urged town officials to put in signs urging drivers to be aware of pedestrians (行李). Mr. Paulin succeeded. Since then, he has been involved in the town government.

As a mayor, Mr. Paulin earns only $6,000 a year. Mr. Paulin lives at home and takes college classes online. His mother, Wendy Paulin, says her son accepts challenges and works on problems until he has a solution.

【小题1】We can learn from the passage that Brandon Paulin's goal is to __________ .

A．rescue the remains of closed businesses

B．develop Indian Head into a shopping town

C．bring Indian Head back to a booming town

D．become an extraordinary leader in America

【小题2】The business in Indian Head has failed mainly because __________ .

A．many shop owners moved to Washington D. C.

B．many customers preferred to buy things in larger cities

C. fewer visitors chose to go there because of the highway
D. many shop  owners  became  unfriendly to their customers
【小题3】How does Brandon Paulin plan to encourage the recovery of Indian Head?

A．By helping the owners to decorate their empty buildings.

B．By charging those who don't use their empty buildings.

C．By reducing taxes the. owners should pay every year.

D．By setting a good example of buying fruit drinks.

【小题4】What attitude does Kelly Murphy hold towards Brandon Paulin?

A．Supportive.	B．Unconcerned.
C．Negative.	D．Worried.