题干

   Storing food is common in members of the crow family. A new study tested the birds outside for this naturally occurring behavior, which may have evolved(进化)specifically because it gives crows a survival advantage. Some crow species are known to naturally use tools to recover food. So the researchers tested whether the birds could store and recover a tool so they could use it to find their food after a gap of 17 hours — something we wouldn’t expect them to do naturally. But they were able to instantly select the tool out of a number of unnecessary items.

In another experiment, the researchers taught crows to select a token(礼品券)from a number of items so that they could then exchange it for food. Again, the birds then showed that they could plan for the future using this new behaviour. This is different from all of the previous studies in future planning, which have focused on naturally occurring behaviour. For example, we know that chimpanzees select, transport and save appropriate tools for future needs.

These studies have shown that animals can plan for the future — but they leave an important question open for debate. Are animals only able to plan to use abilities that have evolved to give them a specific advantage, or can they flexibly and intelligently apply planning behaviour across various actions? Most critics would say the former, as the animals were tested in naturally occurring behaviour.

But the new research provides the first evidence that animal species can plan for the future using behaviour that doesn’t typically occur in nature. This supports the view that at least some recognitive(认知的)abilities in animals don’t evolve just in response to specific problems. Instead, it suggests that animals can apply these behaviour flexibly across problems in a similar way to humans. We need to study how flexible behaviour evolved. Then we might be able to see how crows’ ability to plan for the future fits in with their broader cognitive powers.

【小题1】What’s the new finding about some crows according to Paragraph 1?
A.They can store food.B.They can use tools to recover food.
C.They can store and recover tools.D.They can select and store food.
【小题2】What are crows trained by researchers to do when given a token?
A.Reject it casually.B.Exchange it for food.
C.Save it as their food.D.Build a nest with it.
【小题3】What can we infer about the studies that animals can plan for the future?
A.They are debatable.B.They are disappointing.
C.They are logical.D.They are convincing.
【小题4】What can be learned about flexible behaviour in animals?
A.It develops only with age.B.It is unclear how it evolved.
C.No animals but crows benefit from it.D.It helps plan for the future.
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同类题3

   According to a recent report, about 15% of the people in the UK are members of gyms. But are they more likely to be fit?

A study found that gym members were 14 times more active than people who didn’t belong to any health club. Gym members did six hours more exercise a week, and this activity did make them fitter than non-gym members. They also spent less time sitting down every day than non-gym members. The results were the same for men and women.

The study included 405 people between the ages of 30 and 64, and the main characteristics of those who were gym members were the same as those who were not. ''But gym members did more training than non-gym members, '' said the lead author, Elizabeth Schroeder of the University of Illinois.

While it might seem clear that gym members exercising more are healthier than non-members, Schroeder says this has not been directly shown before. However, the study is only designed to show a tie between gym membership and more exercise. It may be that active people like to join gyms. In the study, people who exercised as much as gym members were also in good health.

You can get the same benefits wherever you exercise. This study shows a gym membership can make you do more exercise, but other research shows that exercising outside has other help. Outdoor activities can make you feel happy about life—especially if you run through a forest.

Outdoor exercise is also more enjoyable than going to the gym. The first five minutes of outdoor exercise is especially helpful in making people feel good. But Schroeder says that a gym may also encourage greater exercise because it can be social and fun.

【小题1】What did the new study find out?
A.Gym members had healthier eating habits.
B.There were fewer women gym members than men.
C.Gym members did at least eight hours of exercise a week.
D.Gym members were more active than non-gym members.
【小题2】In the study, researchers studied ____________________.
A.some sports lovers
B.405 gym members
C.people from different age groups
D.30 gym members and 64 non-gym members
【小题3】Which of the following will Elizabeth Schroeder agree with?
A.Women should do more gym exercise.
B.We should be careful with outdoor training.
C.Outdoor exercise is better than gym exercise.
D.It is easier to keep exercising if you go to the gym.

同类题4

Dyslexia is a problem that restricts the ability to recognize words and connect sounds with letters when people read. People with this learning disorder may also have problems when they write. Dyslexia is not related to eyesight or intelligence. The problem involves areas of the brain that process language. Brain scientists are studying whether they can predict which young children may struggle with reading to provide them with early help. John Gabrieli at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is leading the study of five-year-olds in about twenty schools in the Boston area.
They studied in the schools with kindergartens. And for all the children joining in the study, they give them a brief set of paper-and-pencil tests to look at which children appear to be at some risk for struggling to read. So far, fifty of them have been examined in a scanner, a special machine, to show brain activity. Written tests are not always able to identify dyslexia or other problems, while brain scans may offer a more scientific way to identify problems. And with reading problems, early identification is important. When it comes to helping children overcome reading difficulties, the younger the child, the more effective they are.
Reading problems are not usually identified until a child is in the third or fourth grade. The later children are recognized as poor readers, the less treatment can help. And, as Professor Gabrieli points out, poor reading can make education a struggle. Reading is everything. Even math and science have textbooks.
While the children are given tasks related to reading, the brain scans measure the extent to which certain parts of the brain become active while the children do the work. The scientists say they are pleased with early results from the study, but have a long way to go.
【小题1】Dyslexia affects the part of brain concerning ________.
A.eyesightB.intelligenceC.languageD.emotion
【小题2】Dyslexia problems are more likely to be identified through ________.
A.speech contestsB.reading efficiency
C.listening comprehensionD.brain scans
【小题3】According to the passage, which of the followings has the best time to overcome reading difficulties?
A.Tom, a boy in the kindergarten.
B.Kate, a high school leaver.
C.Jane, a primary school student.
D.Steve, a man in his thirties.
【小题4】What is the passage mainly about?
A.An effective way to identity Dyslexia at an early stage.
B.A learning disorder involving one’s intelligence.
C.Dyslexia — a problem affecting one’s reading and writing.
D.A possible solution to the problems related to Dyslexia.

同类题5

Satellites(卫星) are an important part of our ordinary lives.For example, the information for weather forecasts is sent by satellite.Some satellites have cameras which take photographs of the Earth to show how clouds are moving.Satellites are also used to connect our international phone calls.
Computer connections of the World Wide Web and Internet also use satellites. Many of our TV programs come to us through satellites.Airplane pilots also sometimes use a satellite to help them find their exact location.
We use satellites to send television pictures from one part of the world to another.They are usually 35,880 kilometers above the equator(赤道).Sometimes we can see a satellite in the sky and it seems to stay in the same place.This is because it is moving around the world at 11,000 kilometers an hour—exactly the same speed that the earth rotates.A satellite must orbit the Earth with its antennae(天线)facing the earth.Sometimes, it moves away from its orbit(轨道),So there are little rockets on it which are used to put the satellite back in the right position.This usually happens about every five or six days.
Space is not empty! Every week, more and more satellites are sent into space to orbit the Earth.A satellite usually works for about 10-12 years.Satellites which are broken are sometimes repaired by astronauts or sometimes brought back to Earth to be repaired.Often,very old or broken satellites are left in space to orbit the Earth for a very long time.This is very serious because some satellites use nuclear power and they can crash(撞)into each other.
【小题1】Which of the following is NOT done by satellites according to the passage?
A.Sending information for weather forecast.
B.Taking photographs of the Earth.
C.Sending TV pictures.
D.Providing food for airplane pilots.
【小题2】What’s the speed the earth rotates at?
A.35,880 kilometers per hour.
B.335,880 kilometers per hour.
C.11,000 kilometers per hour.
D.110,000 kilometers per hour
【小题3】Why does the satellite move around the world at the same speed as the Earth rotates?
A.In order to take photographs.
B.In order to stay in a certain position in the orbit.
C.In order to move away from its orbit.
D.In order to send television pictures.
【小题4】What does the underlined word “This” in the 3rd paragraph refer to?
A.A satellite.
B.A little rocket.
C.A satellite seems to stay in the same place in the sky.
D.The satellite puts the rockets in the right position.