2017-2018学年生物济南版八年级下册 5.1.3生物进化的历程 同步测试

适用年级:初二
试卷号:348141

试卷类型:课时练习
试卷考试时间:2018/5/25

1.综合题(共4题)

1.
各种生物在漫长的进化历程中,形成了各自适应环境的形态结构合生活习性.整个生物界通过逐渐的变化发展繁盛起来.如图是进化系统树,表示几种生物的进化过程,请据图回答下列问题.

(1)A、B、C、D四种生物的共同祖先是________.   
(2)与B生物亲缘关系最近的生物是________,与C生物亲缘关系最近的生物是________.   
(3)在地层中出现最早的生物是________.   
(4)生物进化的总体趋势是:从结构变化上看,是由简单到________;从进化水平上看,是由低等到________;从生活环境变化上看,是由水生到________.
2.
观察下面的“生物进化树”,回答下面的问题。

(1)图中A、B、C、D分别代表的生物是:  A__;B___;C__;D_____。
(2)节肢动物与软体动物相比较,________更适于陆地生活, 最高等的植物类群是__________。
(3)从图中可以看出所有生物之间都存在着或远或近的_____________。
(4)从图中我们可以得出:生物进化的总体趋势,是由___________,由 ___________;由___________。
3.
如图是植物进化历程的图解.请据图解,利用你所学的知识回答:

(1)原始生命形成后由于营养方式的不同,一部分进化为不能自养的原始单细胞动物;另一部分进化成在具有_____的A原始的_____.
(2)最早登陆的植物类群是B原始的_____和C原始的_____,但B和C的生殖离不开水,后来C进化成原始的_____,包括D原始的_____和E原始的_____.D和E的生殖脱离了水的限制,更加适应_____生活.
4.
分析下列材料,根据所学的生物学知识回答有关问题:
材料一:青霉素的发明与使用揭开了人类与病菌抗争的新篇章。当今,抗生素被许多人当成包治百病的“灵丹妙药”。由于抗生素的滥用,无意中培养出了许多“超级耐药菌”。
材料二:乙肝是乙型病毒性肝炎的简称,是一种常见的传染病。据世界卫生组织报道,全球每年约有100万人死于感染所致的肝衰竭、肝硬化和肝癌。乙肝病毒主要通过血液这一渠道传播,在日常生活中共用剃须刀、牙刷,就医检查治疗过程因使用未经严格消毒而又反复使用被乙肝病毒污染的医疗器械都会引起感染。世界卫生组织的官网上对于乙肝传播有着非常明确的说法——乙肝病毒并不通过以下渠道传播:共用餐具,母乳喂养,拥抱,礼仪性接吻,握手,咳嗽,同一教室上课,或在公共游泳池玩耍或类似行为。
材料三:近年来,越来越多的家庭喜欢养狗,这为狂犬病传播带来隐患,全国狂犬病发病率有上升趋势。狂犬病是一种由狂犬病毒所致的人畜急性传染病,狂犬病一旦出现症状,死亡率几乎达到100%。
(1)细菌耐药的变异,对个体生存有利,并容易遗传给下一代。因此,“超级耐药菌”的出现,可以用达尔文的________学说解释。
(2)在使用青霉素前必须对患者进行皮试,否则有些患者会因为对青霉素过敏而发生休克甚至死亡。过敏反应是人体________功能的体现。
(3)乙肝疫苗由乙肝病毒灭活制成。新生儿出生后24小时内即应先接种第1针乙肝疫苗。从预防传染病的措施分析,给婴儿进行预防接种属于________
(4)从传染病流行的三个基本环节看,携带狂犬病病毒的狗属于________。预防狂犬病的唯一措施是在被动物咬伤前或咬伤后及时注射狂犬疫苗,狂犬病疫苗进入人体后,刺激淋巴细胞产生抵抗该病原体的特殊蛋白质,即________,从而将入侵的病原体消除。

2.单选题(共12题)

5.
下列动物所属类群从简单到复杂的排列顺序是(   )  
①蝗虫‚②蛔虫ƒ③水螅 ④草履虫 ⑤沙蚕 ⑥涡虫
A.④⑥②③⑤①B.④③②⑥①⑤C.④③⑥②⑤①D.④③⑥⑤②①
6.
下列哪种植物所代表的类群最早出现(  )
A.水绵B.葫芦藓C.金花茶D.油松
7.
下列关于生物进化总趋势的叙述,不合理的是
A.从结构简单的生物到结构复杂的生物
B.从水生生物到陆生生物
C.从体型小的生物到体型大的生物
D.从低等生物到高等生物
8.
如图表示部分动物进化树,序号代表不同的动物类群下列叙述错误的是(  )
A.②的自述B.④的自述C.①的自述D.③的自述
9.
恐龙和翼龙非常繁盛是在(   )
A.前寒武纪时期B.元古代C.古生代D.中生代
10.
两栖动物在动物进化过程中占有重要地位,这是因为两栖动物能够证明动物进化的一个关键环节是()
A.水生到陆生B.简单到复杂
C.陆地到空中D.单细胞到多细胞
11.
位于生物进化树上最顶端的植物是( )
A.藻类植物B.蕨类植物C.苔藓植物D.被子植物
12.
下列关于生物进化总趋势的叙述,不合理的是
A.从水生生物到陆生生物B.从结构简单的生物到结构复杂的生物
C.从低等生物到高等生物D.从体型较小的生物到体型较大的生物
13.
下列哪一项不是生物进化的总趋势()
A.水生到陆生B.简单到复杂
C.低等到高等D.植物到动物
14.
按照进化等级由低到高的顺序排列,正确的顺序是()
A.鸟类、鱼类、两栖类、爬行类、哺乳类
B.鱼类、两栖类、爬行类、鸟类、哺乳类
C.爬行类、鱼类、两栖类、鸟类、哺乳类
D.两栖类、爬行类、鱼类、鸟类、哺乳类
15.
在植物进化过程中,从原始藻类植物进化到原始种子植物,体现出生物进化的趋势是
①由简单到复杂②由低等到高等③由自养到异养④由水生到陆生
A.①②③B.②③④C.①②④D.①③④
16.
右图所示的进化树,简要表示了几种生物之间的亲缘关系。从进化树我们可以推测
A.a、b、c、d四种生物的共同祖先是e
B.在地层中出现最早的生物是e
C.较a和e而言,a、b间的亲缘关系更近
D.a一定比c高等

3.选择题(共5题)

17.

    A young man went to the local expert(专家) on gems and said he wanted to become a gemologist(珠宝家). The expert turned him down because he feared the youth would not have the patience to learn. The young man asked for a chance. Finally, the expert told the youth, "Be here tomorrow."
    The next morning the expert put a jade(玉) stone in the youth's hand and told him to hold it. The expert then went about his work, cutting, weighing and setting gems. The boy sat quietly and waited.
    The following morning the expert again put the jade stone in the youth's hand and told him to hold it. On the third, fourth and fifth days, the expert asked the young man to do the same thing. On the sixth day, the youth held the jade stone but he could no longer stand(忍受) the silence. "Master, when am I going to learn something?" he asked. "You will learn." the expert said and went about his business.
    Several more days went by and the youth almost lost his patience. But one morning as the master put the stone in the youth's hand, the young man said without looking at his hand, "This is not the same jade stone!" "You have begun to learn." said the master.
    Practice makes perfect. The experience we learned from practice teaches us and develops our abilities. Experience is the best teacher. Even the most successful person had no absolute confidence once. It is experience that gives people confidence. The truth is: if you do the work and gain the experience, you'll have more confidence because you'll actually know what you're doing.

18.

    A young man went to the local expert(专家) on gems and said he wanted to become a gemologist(珠宝家). The expert turned him down because he feared the youth would not have the patience to learn. The young man asked for a chance. Finally, the expert told the youth, "Be here tomorrow."
    The next morning the expert put a jade(玉) stone in the youth's hand and told him to hold it. The expert then went about his work, cutting, weighing and setting gems. The boy sat quietly and waited.
    The following morning the expert again put the jade stone in the youth's hand and told him to hold it. On the third, fourth and fifth days, the expert asked the young man to do the same thing. On the sixth day, the youth held the jade stone but he could no longer stand(忍受) the silence. "Master, when am I going to learn something?" he asked. "You will learn." the expert said and went about his business.
    Several more days went by and the youth almost lost his patience. But one morning as the master put the stone in the youth's hand, the young man said without looking at his hand, "This is not the same jade stone!" "You have begun to learn." said the master.
    Practice makes perfect. The experience we learned from practice teaches us and develops our abilities. Experience is the best teacher. Even the most successful person had no absolute confidence once. It is experience that gives people confidence. The truth is: if you do the work and gain the experience, you'll have more confidence because you'll actually know what you're doing.

19.

    A young man went to the local expert(专家) on gems and said he wanted to become a gemologist(珠宝家). The expert turned him down because he feared the youth would not have the patience to learn. The young man asked for a chance. Finally, the expert told the youth, "Be here tomorrow."
    The next morning the expert put a jade(玉) stone in the youth's hand and told him to hold it. The expert then went about his work, cutting, weighing and setting gems. The boy sat quietly and waited.
    The following morning the expert again put the jade stone in the youth's hand and told him to hold it. On the third, fourth and fifth days, the expert asked the young man to do the same thing. On the sixth day, the youth held the jade stone but he could no longer stand(忍受) the silence. "Master, when am I going to learn something?" he asked. "You will learn." the expert said and went about his business.
    Several more days went by and the youth almost lost his patience. But one morning as the master put the stone in the youth's hand, the young man said without looking at his hand, "This is not the same jade stone!" "You have begun to learn." said the master.
    Practice makes perfect. The experience we learned from practice teaches us and develops our abilities. Experience is the best teacher. Even the most successful person had no absolute confidence once. It is experience that gives people confidence. The truth is: if you do the work and gain the experience, you'll have more confidence because you'll actually know what you're doing.

20.函数中自变量x的取值范围是(   )
21.函数中自变量x的取值范围是(   )

4.填空题(共3题)

22.
生物进化的总体趋势:______________________________________________________。
23.
如图是生物进化的大致过程,请据图回答:

(1)鸟类和①    、②    都是由原始的④    直接进化来的.
(2)裸子植物和③    植物的共同祖先是原始的蕨类植物.
24.
裸子植物和被子植物都是从(  )进化来的。
A.原始藻类B.古代蕨类植物C.古代苔藓植物D.原始生命
试卷分析
  • 【1】题量占比

    综合题:(4道)

    单选题:(12道)

    选择题:(5道)

    填空题:(3道)

  • 【2】:难度分析

    1星难题:0

    2星难题:0

    3星难题:0

    4星难题:1

    5星难题:0

    6星难题:8

    7星难题:0

    8星难题:9

    9星难题:1