材料一：孔子总是引用尧和舜的话，因为他们不把帝国据为自己的世袭财产。虽然他们的政府名义上是君主专制的，但事实上却是民主的，这就是孔子为什么要赞誉他们的原因。

一一孙中山

材料二：百姓足，君孰与不足？（做君王的还有什么不满足？）百姓不足，君孰与足？夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。

民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。天子不仁，不保四海；诸侯不仁，不保社稷；卿大夫不仁，不保宗庙……

一一孟子

材料三：儒家思想孕育了我国传统文化中的政治思想和道德准则……法家思想中的变革精神，成为历代进步思想家、政治家改革图治的理论武器。它们共同构造了中华民族传统文化的基本精神。“百家争鸣”对当时和日后社会发展，起了巨大推动作用。

请回答：

材料一：公元前356年，商鞅开始变法。这一天，在咸阳城内，一名官员正在向下面围观的人群大声宣读变法法令：“一，承认土地私有，允许土地自由买卖。二，按照在前线杀敌的军功大小，授予爵位和相应的耕地、住宅和官职；没有军功，就不能享受贵族特权。三，凡是努力从事农业生产、多缴租税者，免其徭役。四、建立县制，全国划分为31个县，由国君直接委派官吏管理。”听了这些法令，人群中议论纷纷。不同阶层的人对法令褒贬不一。

材料二：商鞅一方面极力否认道德教化对人的劝导意义，主张唯有重刑才是禁奸止过的最好办法。另一方面又背离了罪刑相应的原则，主张轻罪重刑，甚至罪及无辜。他的这种重刑思想被其后的韩非继承并发展，对中国封建社会的刑法理论和实践产生了深远的影响，以至严刑峻罚、惩办威吓构成了中国两千多年封建社会刑法制度的一个重要特征，给广大人民带来了许多苦难。

——《商鞅刑法思想及变法实践》

材料三：商鞅变法前，秦国各地度量衡不统一。为了保证国家的赋税收入，商鞅制造了标准的度量衡器商鞅方升……此外商鞅还规范了进位制度，统一了斗、桶、权、衡、丈、尺，规定六尺为一步，二百四十步为一亩，五十亩为一畦。

——维基百科

请回答：

材料一：公元前356年，商鞅开始变法。这一天，在咸阳城内，一名官员正在向下面围观的人群大声宣读变法法令：“一，承认土地私有，允许土地自由买卖。二，按照在前线杀敌的军功大小，授予爵位和相应的耕地、住宅和官职；没有军功，就不能享受贵族特权。三，凡是努力从事农业生产、多缴租税者，免其徭役。四、建立县制，全国划分为31个县，由国君直接委派官吏管理。”听了这些法令，人群中议论纷纷。不同阶层的人对法令褒贬不一。

材料二：商鞅一方面极力否认道德教化对人的劝导意义，主张唯有重刑才是禁奸止过的最好办法。另一方面又背离了罪刑相应的原则，主张轻罪重刑，甚至罪及无辜。他的这种重刑思想被其后的韩非继承并发展，对中国封建社会的刑法理论和实践产生了深远的影响，以至严刑峻罚、惩办威吓构成了中国两千多年封建社会刑法制度的一个重要特征，给广大人民带来了许多苦难。

——《商鞅刑法思想及变法实践》

材料三：商鞅变法前，秦国各地度量衡不统一。为了保证国家的赋税收入，商鞅制造了标准的度量衡器商鞅方升……此外商鞅还规范了进位制度，统一了斗、桶、权、衡、丈、尺，规定六尺为一步，二百四十步为一亩，五十亩为一畦。

——维基百科

请回答：

材料一：公元前356年，商鞅开始变法。这一天，在咸阳城内，一名官员正在向下面围观的人群大声宣读变法法令：“一，承认土地私有，允许土地自由买卖。二，按照在前线杀敌的军功大小，授予爵位和相应的耕地、住宅和官职；没有军功，就不能享受贵族特权。三，凡是努力从事农业生产、多缴租税者，免其徭役。四、建立县制，全国划分为31个县，由国君直接委派官吏管理。”听了这些法令，人群中议论纷纷。不同阶层的人对法令褒贬不一。

材料二：商鞅一方面极力否认道德教化对人的劝导意义，主张唯有重刑才是禁奸止过的最好办法。另一方面又背离了罪刑相应的原则，主张轻罪重刑，甚至罪及无辜。他的这种重刑思想被其后的韩非继承并发展，对中国封建社会的刑法理论和实践产生了深远的影响，以至严刑峻罚、惩办威吓构成了中国两千多年封建社会刑法制度的一个重要特征，给广大人民带来了许多苦难。

——《商鞅刑法思想及变法实践》

材料三：商鞅变法前，秦国各地度量衡不统一。为了保证国家的赋税收入，商鞅制造了标准的度量衡器商鞅方升……此外商鞅还规范了进位制度，统一了斗、桶、权、衡、丈、尺，规定六尺为一步，二百四十步为一亩，五十亩为一畦。

——维基百科

请回答：

    Thang-ga(唐卡）is a special kind of painting .It was found only in Tibet,China. It started from the Tang Dynasty(唐朝). Thang-ga paintings show Tibetan people's lives. In recent years, Tang-ga paintings have caught the public's attention .At the same time,the Chinese government has also tried hard to protect the art.

    The color of Tang-ga paintings looks wonderful and special. Because of the special environment of Tibet and the excellent skills of artists, the paints(颜料) used in Thang-ga are different from other paints. They were made from minerals like gold and silver, as well as some plants. The paints were made by hand and the beautiful colors could last(持续)for hundreds of years.

    However, with the development of technology, people now use cheaper and more easily-made chemicals to make Thang-ga paints. The traditional paints used in Thang-ga paintings took a lot of work and they were made in many secret ways. Later people stopped making the paints and forgot about them. So the skills needed to make them were almost lost. The traditional Thang-ga paintings are difficult to find now.

    Thang-ga(唐卡）is a special kind of painting .It was found only in Tibet,China. It started from the Tang Dynasty(唐朝). Thang-ga paintings show Tibetan people's lives. In recent years, Tang-ga paintings have caught the public's attention .At the same time,the Chinese government has also tried hard to protect the art.

    The color of Tang-ga paintings looks wonderful and special. Because of the special environment of Tibet and the excellent skills of artists, the paints(颜料) used in Thang-ga are different from other paints. They were made from minerals like gold and silver, as well as some plants. The paints were made by hand and the beautiful colors could last(持续)for hundreds of years.

    However, with the development of technology, people now use cheaper and more easily-made chemicals to make Thang-ga paints. The traditional paints used in Thang-ga paintings took a lot of work and they were made in many secret ways. Later people stopped making the paints and forgot about them. So the skills needed to make them were almost lost. The traditional Thang-ga paintings are difficult to find now.