2011年初中毕业升学考试(辽宁本溪卷)化学

适用年级:初三
试卷号:295615

试卷类型:中考真题
试卷考试时间:2017/8/18

1.简答题(共2题)

1.
酸奶作为一种营养丰富、老幼皆宜的饮料,已成为大大众化的食品。
(1)酸奶是由新鲜全脂牛奶经乳酸发酵制得,此过程属于  (填”物理“或“化学”)变化;
(2)酸奶显酸性,则酸奶的pH    (填“>”、“<”或“=”)7;
(3)过量饮用酸奶易导致胃酸过多,可服用含氢氧化铝的药物治疗,发生反应的化学方程式是 ,基本反应型是
2.
人类的生活和生产离不开金属,我们要合理开发利用金属及其矿物资源。(1)本溪是一座钢铁之城,请你写出以赤铁矿(主要成Fe2O3)为原料炼铁的化学方程式  
(2)最近,本溪满族自治县发现了含“镓”的金属矿种。右图是镓在元素周期表中的部分信息,则镓的相对原子质量是

(3)金属资源的储量有限,而且不能再生,因此要加强废旧金属的回收。回收废旧手机中的金属材料有何意义?(答出两点即可)

2.计算题(共2题)

3.
草莓、香蕉等水果具有芳香的气味。是因为其中含有乙酸乙酯 (C4H8O2)等物质。计算:
(1) C4H8O2的相对分子质量是______;
(2) C4H8O2中碳、氢、氧三种元素的质量比________(填最简整数比)。
4.
为测定实验室里过氧化氢溶液中溶质的质量分数,同学们取10g过氧化氢溶液入2g二氧化锰,完全反应后,称得剩余物的总质量为11.84g。计算:
(1)生成氧气的质量_______g;
(2)过氧化氢溶液中溶质的质量分数______。

3.科学探究题(共1题)

5.
一种“环保石头纸”开始被人们使用,其主要成分是碳酸钙。某班同学对它产生了浓厚的兴趣,把“环保石头纸”带到实验室,完成了如右图所示的两个实验。请回答问题:

(1)实验一:试管中产生大量的气泡,烧杯中澄清的石灰水变浑浊,请写出“环保石头纸”与稀盐酸发生反应的化学方程式______________(假设“环保石头纸”中的其他成分既不溶于水,又不与盐酸发生反应);
(2)实验二:试管中有白色沉淀产生。小刚同学想探究该实验反应后溶液中溶质的成分。
提出猜想:
猜想①:NaCl、CaCl2和HCl;猜想②:NaCl;猜想③:NaCl和CaCl2
同学们经过讨论排除了猜想_______,理由是_______________________________。
有同学认为小刚的猜想不全面,又提出猜想④:NaCl和Na2CO3,并通过实验验证了该猜想成立。请你将实验报告补充完整。
实验操作
实验现象
实验结论
取实验二反应后的上层清液少量于试管中,滴加少量_________________
__________
猜想④成立
 
(3)实验结束后,未经处理的废液____(填“能”或“不能”)直接倒入下水道。

4.推断题(共1题)

6.
A、B、C是初中化学常见的物质,它们之间的转化关系如下图所示(所需反应条件已略去)。据图回答问题:

(1)若B是引起地球温室效应的一种气体,经过绿色植物的光合作用能生成单质A,则A是    ;B的一种用途是    ;C可以是 (写出一种即可);
(2)若A是相同条件下密度最小的气体,B是氧化物,则B是 。C常用作建筑材料.则C是

5.单选题(共12题)

7.
下列各组物质充分反应后,所得溶液质量比反应前溶液质量减小的是 ( )
A. 氧化铁和稀硫酸
B. 氢氧化钙溶液和稀盐酸
C. 氧氧化钠溶液和二氧化碳
D. 氢氧化钾溶液和硫酸铜溶液
8.
生活中的下列物质属于纯净物的是 ( )
   
A. 金刚石 B. 可乐饮料 C. 合金戒指 D. 生理盐水
9.
空气成分中,体积分数约占78%的是 ( )
A.氧气B.氮气C.二氧化碳D.稀有气体
10.
物质的性质决定物质的用途,下列有关用途与性质的说法正确的是 ( )
A. 生石灰作干燥剂,因为它易溶于水
B. 活性炭作吸附剂,因为它的化学性质不活泼
C. 石墨作电极,因为它具有良好的导电性
D. 小苏打作发酵粉,因为它能与面粉发生反应
11.
下列实验中,有关现象的描述正确的是 ( )
A. 红磷燃烧产生大量的白雾
B. 铁丝在空气中剧烈燃烧,火星四射,生成黑色固体
C. 二氧化碳通入紫色石蕊溶液,溶液由紫色变红色
D. 涤纶和羊毛纤维点燃后,都可以闻到烧毛发的气味
12.
下列说法正确的是 ( )
A.经常用湿抹布擦拭自行车能防止生锈
B.水库的水经过过滤、吸附后变成纯水
C.用燃着的火柴检查煤气是否泄漏
D.熟石灰常用于改良酸性土壤
13.
下列实验操作正确的是 ( )
    
A.移走蒸发皿B.稀释浓硫酸C.过滤D.滴加液体
14.
下列物质长期放置在敞口容器中,质量明显减少的是 ( )
A. 大理石 B. 氢氧化钠固体 C. 浓盐酸 D. 氯化钠固体
15.
除去下列物质中的少量杂质,所选试剂正确的是 ( )
A.AB.BC.CD.D
16.
民以食为天,食以安为先。今年,国务院下发了整治食品非法添加剂问题的通知。下列食品对健康无害的是()
A.含三聚氰胺的牛奶B.含瘦肉精的香肠C.加铁酱油D.“染色”馒头。
17.
用酒精灯加热盛有水的纸杯底部,纸杯没有燃烧,其主要原因是 ( )
A. 温度未达到纸的着火点
B. 纸不是可燃物
C. 纸杯没有和氧气接触
D. 加水后,纸的着火点降低了
18.
保护环境,人人有责。下列行为不会对环境造成污染的是()
A.过量使用农药、化肥B.生活污水任意排放
C.废弃塑料采用焚烧法处理D.使用太用能热水器

6.选择题(共11题)

19.

如图,△ABC中,AB⊥BC,AD⊥BD,CE⊥BD,AB=BC,若CE=6,AD=2,求DE的长


20.

如图,△ABC中,AB⊥BC,AD⊥BD,CE⊥BD,AB=BC,若CE=6,AD=2,求DE的长


21.

Comets(彗星) are parts of our solar system. Like the planets, they go around the sun.
But comets are not made of solid rocks like planets. A comet is a ball of dust, stones, and ice. Many people call comets dirty snowballs.
The "snowball"may be only a few miles across. But when the sun heats the "snowball,"much of it is changed to gases. The gases spread out and form the comet's head, which may be thousands of miles across.
A comet moves fast in its trip around the sun. But when we see it, the comet does not seem to move. That's because it is so far away. The moon moves fast, but when you look at it, you can't see any motion(运动). That's because the moon is far away.
Each year astronomers(天文学家) discover new comets. Some of them are seen only once. They make one trip around the sun and then go away out into space. The sun's gravity cannot hold them.
Other comets, like Halley, keep returning. They have been captured by the sun. Halley's earliest visit was probably 3,000 years ago. It may keep returning for another 3,000 years.
But every time a comet goes around the sun, the comet loses part of itself. Gases and dust are pulled out of the comet. That's why Halley is now dimmer(暗淡的) than it used to be. Next time it visits us, in 2062, it may be even dimmer. Each visit it may get dimmer and dimmer, until it finally disappears.

22.

阅读下文,回答相关问题

                                                                                                            课内阅读
        有一年的春天,我因病被迫在家里休息数周。我注视着我的女儿们所养的蚕正在结茧,这使我感兴趣。望着这些蚕执著地、勤奋地工作,我感到我和它们非常相似。像它们一样,我总是耐心地把自己的努力集中在一个目标上。我之所以如此,或许是因为有某种力量在鞭策着我,正如蚕被鞭策着去结茧一般。
        近五十年来,我致力于科学研究,而研究,就是对真理的探讨。我有许多美好快乐的记忆。少女时期我在巴黎大学,孤独地过着求学的岁月;在后来献身科学的整个时期,我丈夫和我专心致志,像在梦幻中一般,坐在简陋的书房里艰辛地研究,后来我们就在那里发现了镭 。

        我永远追求安静的工作和简单的家庭生活。为了实现这个理想,我竭力保持宁静的环境,以免受人事的干扰和盛名的拖累。
        我深信,在科学方面我们有对事业而不是对财富的兴趣。当皮埃尔·居里和我考虑要不要在我们的发现上取得经济利益时,我们都认为不能违背我们纯粹研究的观念。因而我们没有申请镭的专利,也就抛弃了一笔财富。我坚信我们是对的。诚然,人类需要讲究现实的人,他们在工作中获得很多的报酬。但是,人类也需要梦想家,他们受事业的强烈的吸引,既没有闲暇也没有热情去谋求物质上的利益。我的惟一奢望是在一个自由国家中,以一个自由学者的身份从事研究工作。我从没有把这种权益视为理所当然,因为在二十四岁以前,我一直居住在被占领和被蹂躏的波兰。我估量过在法国得到自由的代价。

23.

Father's Day has a very short history. It was started because there was a Mother's Day, and just because some Americans thought that if we had a Mother's Day, we should also have a Father's Day. Father's Day has become important in North America. And businesses found it was a good way to get people to buy a present for their father from their shops.
By the way, very few countries have a Father's Day, though some have a Children's Day, or a special day for boys and another for girls. More and more countries are having Mother's Day, so maybe Father's Day will also become popular before too long. Now, what do people in North America do on Father's Day? The newspapers, radios, and TV tell children what they should do — buy, buy, buy, buy, buy a Father's Day present for your father. They even tell a wife to buy, buy, buy, and buy a Father's Day present — not for her father but for her husband, even if he is not yet a father. And they tell grandchildren to buy, buy, buy, and buy a Father's Day present for their grandfathers.
The important thing to remember about Father's Day is that American children can show their love to their fathers in a more open way.

24.

   Many people don’t think that the number 13 is a lucky number. Many hotels do not have a 13th floor. The floors go from 12 to 14, and there is no number13. Some people will never sit at a table with 12 other people. They will tell someone to go or ask another person to sit with them.
No one really knows why people do not like the number 13. Perhaps one reason is that when people began to count, they used ten fingers and two hands. This made 12. They could not count more.
   Some Christians (基督徒) say that 13 is not lucky because there were 13 people at a meal the day before Jesus (耶稣) was killed (被杀). In a story about the old Greek (希腊的) gods, 12 gods were asked to a meal but one more came. This made 13. It is why the god Balder, who was at the meal, was killed.

25.

   Many people don’t think that the number 13 is a lucky number. Many hotels do not have a 13th floor. The floors go from 12 to 14, and there is no number13. Some people will never sit at a table with 12 other people. They will tell someone to go or ask another person to sit with them.
No one really knows why people do not like the number 13. Perhaps one reason is that when people began to count, they used ten fingers and two hands. This made 12. They could not count more.
   Some Christians (基督徒) say that 13 is not lucky because there were 13 people at a meal the day before Jesus (耶稣) was killed (被杀). In a story about the old Greek (希腊的) gods, 12 gods were asked to a meal but one more came. This made 13. It is why the god Balder, who was at the meal, was killed.

26.



Having Fun "Growing" and "Stealing"?
Recently, an Internet game has become a new fashion among young office workers and students.People can "farm" on a piece of "land" and "grow", "sell" or even "steal" "vegetables", "flowers" and "fruits" on the Net. They can earn some e-money and buy more "seeds", "pets" and even"houses".
Joyce interviewed some young people. Here are their opinions.
Harold:I don't quite understand why they are so mad about the childish game; maybe they are just not confident enough to face the real world.
Allan:I enjoy putting some "bugs" in my friends' gardens and we've become closer because of the game.Having fun together is the most exciting thing about it.
Laura:You know, people in the city are longing for(渴望) the life in the countryside.It reduces my work pressure(压力);besides, it gives me the exciting experience of being a "thief".
Ivy:  Well. it's just a waste of time.Teenagers playing the game spend so many hours on it that they can not focus on (专注于)their study.

27.

根据所给的汉语,用英语完成下列句子
你想住在一个繁华街道上的饭店隔壁吗?
Would you like to live{#blank#}1{#/blank#}  a restaurant on a busy street?
Tony经常迫不及待地跑回家在电视上看球赛。
Tony often  {#blank#}2{#/blank#}  run home and watch football matches on TV.
那位老人总是朝窗外看街上的孩子们。
The old man often{#blank#}3{#/blank#} the window at the children in the street..
那个穿着一件红色衬衫的人是我们的英语老师。
The man {#blank#}4{#/blank#} shirt is our English teacher.
我们可以在运动用品商店找到适合他的东西。
We can {#blank#}5{#/blank#}  for him in a sports shop.

28.

根据所给的汉语,用英语完成下列句子
你想住在一个繁华街道上的饭店隔壁吗?
Would you like to live{#blank#}1{#/blank#}  a restaurant on a busy street?
Tony经常迫不及待地跑回家在电视上看球赛。
Tony often  {#blank#}2{#/blank#}  run home and watch football matches on TV.
那位老人总是朝窗外看街上的孩子们。
The old man often{#blank#}3{#/blank#} the window at the children in the street..
那个穿着一件红色衬衫的人是我们的英语老师。
The man {#blank#}4{#/blank#} shirt is our English teacher.
我们可以在运动用品商店找到适合他的东西。
We can {#blank#}5{#/blank#}  for him in a sports shop.

29.

The {#blank#}1{#/blank#}  (首都) of the USA is Washington DC.
The little girl often{#blank#}2{#/blank#}  (哭) when her mother leaves.
There are twenty students in his class. He always comes the {#blank#}3{#/blank#}  (二十).
The young like to wear trainers, because they are very{#blank#}4{#/blank#} (舒适).
{#blank#}5{#/blank#} (最后), we all get to the top of the hill.
Tom’s shoes are the same as those{#blank#}6{#/blank#}  (cook) in the food shop.
There are some {#blank#}7{#/blank#}  (shelf) over there. On them are some books.
Girls like to wear{#blank#}8{#/blank#}  (colour) dresses.
That’s too expensive. Do you have a{#blank#}9{#/blank#}  (cheap) pair?
Simon is {#blank#}10{#/blank#} (lie) on his bed. He’s listening to the pop music.

7.填空题(共5题)

30.
下图是“汽车尾气催化转换器”中发生化学反应的微观示意图,据此回答:

(1)反应前后图中涉及的化合物共有   种;
(2)参加反应的物质的分子个数比为
(3)由图中你还可以获得的信息是 (答一条即可)。
31.
规范操作是实验成功的保障,请回答:
(1)量取8mL的水应选用 mL的量筒;
(2)给烧杯中的液体加热时,烧杯底部应垫上     
(3)点燃CO前,一定要先    
32.
饺子是中国传统食品,周日奶奶给玲玲包饺子。在这一过程中玲玲发现了许多与化学知识有关的问题。
(1)包饺子所用的材料主要有:面粉、水、牛肉、芹菜、青椒、食盐、植物油等,芹菜、青椒等蔬菜富含的营养素是
(2)煮饺子的炊具是不锈钢锅,不锈钢做炊具是因为它具有良好的 性;
(3)煮饺子所用的燃料是天然气,天然气燃烧是将化学能转化成 能:
(4)煮饺子的水是硬水还是软水.可以用   检验。生活中降低水的硬度常用   的方法;
(5)用后的锅底有一些水垢,玲玲用厨房中的   很容易将其除去。
33.
在学习化学肥料时,老师将NH4NO3与熟石灰强台、研磨,同学们闻到了刺激性气味。
(1) NH4NO3属于化肥中的 肥;
(2)刺激性气味的气体为氨气(NH3),组成氨气的两种元素均属于    (填“金属”或“非金属”)元素;
(3)用微粒的观点解释闻道刺激性气味的原因
34.
根据取下常用的实验仪器,回答问题。

(1)写出部分仪器的名称:②_______;⑧_________;
(2)实验室用高锰酸钾制取氧气,选用的仪器有①②⑤⑥⑦⑧,还缺少的一种仪器是___,反应的化学方程式为________________________。实验结束后,发现收集的氧气不纯,原因可能是______________________(只答一点即可)。
试卷分析
  • 【1】题量占比

    简答题:(2道)

    计算题:(2道)

    科学探究题:(1道)

    推断题:(1道)

    单选题:(12道)

    选择题:(11道)

    填空题:(5道)

  • 【2】:难度分析

    1星难题:0

    2星难题:0

    3星难题:0

    4星难题:2

    5星难题:0

    6星难题:5

    7星难题:0

    8星难题:11

    9星难题:5