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    社会学家欧文·戈夫曼在《日常生活中的自我呈现》一书中,将我们在生活中的表演称之为“前台”。他观察到了真实生活和戏剧表演的某些共同之处:为了特定的目的,人们总是在生活中为自己涂脂抹粉、培养各种礼仪和谈话技巧、通过阅读和学习来获得谈资,凡此种种,构成了我们对外的“公共人格”。这种“公共人格”就是我们人生自我展示的一块广告牌。我们塑造自我角色形象并透过它被周围的人知晓,从中,我们积累下了人际资本,博得了重要人物的好感,为自己获得机会并维持这一形象。这便是我们每个人生活常态的一个重要方面,很难说它是不虚伪的。

    而戈夫曼也注意到,对于我们这些人生的演员来说,“前台”之外,还存在“后台”。那“后台”就是我们“卸妆”的地方,把自己从社会角色、职业角色和公共人格的表演中暂时解脱出来,作为一个单独的人而存在的时刻。通常,这个时刻不会很多,除了自己和极密切的人以外,也不会有更多的人看到。

    戈夫曼的这套理论在移动互联时代面临着一个新问题是:移动网络的出现似乎让我们的“前台”以一种可怕的速度在延展,而“后台”的空间则在不断的退缩、减少。如果我们把“虚伪”等同于“前台表演”时间的增多,那么我们将看到,在微信朋友圈的“绑架”下,我们几乎24小时每天都处于“前台”。早上起床微信自拍刷脸,每去一个地方都打卡签到,时而低调炫富,时而转发寓意深刻的鸡汤文。在这八万四千六百秒的时间内,每一秒钟几乎都贡献给了此类廉价的表演。说实话,悲催的真相是,我们的内心一如过去那样热衷表演,只是现在表演的成本和门槛更低:几张PS痕迹严重的照片,几句转帖,几帧模糊不清的场景,塑造出了我们微信时代的公众形象。换个说法,这叫互联网思维。

    提供前台表演的场景在一个日益复杂的社会不断增多,我们今天不但要“线上”而且要“线下”的表演,从线上演到线下,每一个不断扩大的前台都占用了我们过多的表演时间。并且,如今的我们不仅是演员、是观众,还是希腊戏剧中的唱诗班。留言、点赞、转发……让我们成为了无比疲惫的演员。我想询问的是,当硕大无朋的“前台”不断侵占我们的生活之时,当我们的“后台”已缩小至几无立锥之地,甚至彻底消失时,生活中是否有某些重要的东西正在失衡,在倾塌?

(孙骁骥《我们都爱上了朋友圈里的虚伪》,有删改)

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    There are more bicycles than residents in the Netherlands,and in cities

like Amsterdam and The Hague up to 70% of all journeys are made by bike.

    The BBC's reporter,Anna Holligan,examines what made everyone get back in the saddle(车座).

    Before World WarⅡ,journeys in the Netherlands were mainly made by bike, but in the 1950s and 1960s,as car ownership increased quickly,this changed.As in many countries in Europe, roads became increasingly crowded.

    The jump in car number caused a huge rise in the number of deaths on the roads.In 1971 more than 3,000 people were killed by motor vehicles,and 450 of them were children.In response a social movement demanding safer cycling conditions for children was formed.Called Stop de Kindermoord,it took its name from the headline of an article written by journalist Vic Langenhoff whose own child had been killed in a road accident.

    The Dutch love of the motor vehicle was also shaken by the Middle East oil crisis of 1973,when oil-producing countries topped export to the US and Western Europe.

    These twin pressures helped to persuade the Dutch government to invest in improving cycling infrastructure(基础设施)and the Dutch urban planners started to change from the road-building policies designed mainly for cars.

    To make cycling safer and more inviting,the Dutch have built a vast network of cycle paths.These are clearly marked,have smooth surfaces,separate signs and lights for those on two wheels,and are wide enough to allow cycling side by side and overtaking.

    Even before they can walk,Dutch children live in a world of cycling.As babies they travel in special seats on bikes.As the children grow up they ride their own bikes.And,as the Dutch are not allowed to drive until 18,cycling offers teenagers an alternative form of freedom.

    The state also plays a part in teaching,with cycling lessons a compulsory(必修的)part in Dutch schools.All schools have places to park bikes and at some schools 90% of pupils cycle to class.