题干

    Top student Liu Weijian had a problem recently. The 14-year-old from Xiamen used to get marks of over 110 points (out of 120 points) on his math tests. But during last semester’s final exams, his math score was only 90 points.
    “I didn't know what happened,” said Liu, who kept feeling nervous and frustrated about math during the following month.
Like Liu, many of us experience setbacks (挫折) in life. ②你会怎样应对这些挫折呢? Would you just let them be and give up?
    Liu chose to face his problem. His parents and teacher also gave him help. After some hard work, he now gets marks between 100 and 110 points on his math tests. “Don't be afraid of setbacks,” he said. “You will beat them.”
    Guo Xingjuan in Shenzhen also has a story to tell. The 15-year-old girl is not good at doing sit-ups (仰卧起坐), ③which is necessary for the coming high school P.E. entrance test (体育中考). One has to do at least 35 sit-ups in a minute to pass the test. However, she could only do 20.
Feeling worried, Guo decided to do something. She did sit-ups for half an hour every day after school. Now, after a month, she can do 30 sit-ups a minute. “I finally found what made me slow through practice, and then I improved the skill little by little,” said Guo. “I believe next month I will be able to do 40!”
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古往今来,历届中央政府都重视管理,各个时期所采取的政策有继承也有创新,效果各有千秋。阅读下列材料,回答相关问题。
材料一:丞相绾等言:“诸侯初破,燕、齐、荆地远,不为置王,毋以填(镇)之。请立诸子,唯上章许。”……廷尉李斯议曰:“周文武所封子弟同姓甚众,然后属疏远,相攻击如仇雠,诸候更相诛伐,周天子弗能禁止。今海内赖陛下神灵一统,皆为郡县,诸子功臣以公赋税重赏賜之,甚足易制。天下无异意,则安宁之术也。署诸侯不便。”

——《史记秦始皇本纪》
材料二;汉兴之初,海内新定,同姓寡少,惩戒亡秦孤立之败,于是剖裂疆土,立二等之爵。功臣侯者,百有余邑;尊王子弟,大启九国……藩国大者,夸州兼郡,连城数十,……然诸侯原本以大,末流滥以致溢,小者淫荒盐法,大者睽孤横逆,以害身丧国。

——《汉书·诸候王表·序》
材料三:忽必烈进入中原,建立元朝,为加强对地方的控制,以中书省分驻地方,称行中书省,以便直接控制、处理政务……各省还设有行枢密院和行御史台分管军事和监察。

——《中国政治制度史》
材料四


材料五:军国大计,罔不总揽。自雍、乾后百八十年,威命所寄,不于内阁而于军机处,盖隐然执政之府也。

——摘选自《清史稿,军机大臣年表序》