材料一：在转型时期的几个世纪（15-17世纪）中，英国成功地把握了时代的脉搏，率先完成了从封建主义社会向资本主义社会过渡。期间，商人的数量和财富不仅迅速增加，而且社会地位也随之获得了提高……商人还利用自己手中掌握的财富，与英国王权紧密结合，广泛参与国家政治事务，从而使国家制定有利于商人的政策法令……这一时期，英国商人逐渐成为一支数量可观、拥有强大经济政治实力的重要社会力量，对英国的社会转型产生了不可忽视的影响……可以说没有商业和商人的推动作用，近代早期英国社会转型的完成是难以想象的。

——白永亮《近代早期英国社会转型中的商人及其作用》

材料二：明清商业相对繁荣，其中不乏豪商大贾，而称雄明清商界者又非徽商莫属。明中叶以来三百年间，从其拥有的资金到广泛的影响力，皆为一时之冠，有“无徽不成镇”之谚……他们（徽商）一方面耗费巨额利润来促使自己缙绅化，另一方面又将大量财富抛向非生产领域，诸如购置族田，建祠，修家谱，以及提倡程朱理学等，结果不是使徽州产生资本主义，而是成为一个顽固坚持传统宗法等级制的堡垒，这样的商品经济，实质上只能补充和强化自然经济。

——侯建新《社会转型时期的西欧和中国》

    For many people around the world, a subway journey means speeding from one dull station to the next, surrounded by too many uncomfortable, impatient people. But on the Moscow Metro, taking the subway is like walking through a national heritage site. Depending on where you get off, you'll receive a brief course in architectural movements and face colorful glass windows, marble(大理石) columns, gilded(鎏金的) mosaics and painted scenes from Russian history.

    “These extraordinarily beautiful places are unlike any metro station I've ever seen, “says Vancouver-based photographer David Burdeny.

    When Burdeny, who himself has a master's degree in architecture, first found out about Moscow's metro stations, he was struck by the work of art. In all, he has photographed 20 of the most beautiful stations.

    Burdeny had originally planned to focus on Russian stations more generally, taking photos of examples in both St. Petersburg and Moscow.

    “But when I saw the stations in Moscow, they just completely blew away the St. Petersburg ones,” he says.

    Shooting in the subway sounds simple, but it is not without challenges. For one thing, Burdeny had to figure out a way to access them between 00:30 a.m. and 5:30 a.m., when the stations were closed.

    In the end, he settled on Arbatskaya Metro Station, whose vaulted(拱状的) arches he found the most beautiful. But it also represented a challenge he was not sure if he was able to overcome: conveying the hugeness of the spaces. The Arbatskaya platform, for example, stretches 820 feet.

    “Some of the arches are quite long,” he says. “When you enter them, they're just so completely grand.”

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