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明朝初年,政府推行“重典治吏”政策,整顿吏治。政府颁行的《大明律》规定:官吏贪污钱财六十两以上,枭首示众,施剥皮实草之刑。政府颁行管制申诫皇亲国戚与公侯的条令,驸马欧阳伦因贩运私茶触犯刑律,即被赐死;开国功臣汤和的姑父因隐田漏税而被治罪。政府还颁行体现朱元璋“一人之法”的《大诰》,其中有很多惩治贪官污吏的案例。明初“以诰破律”,法外用刑,惩治过度或失误现象屡见不鲜,明初有两案追赃牵连到许多官员及大地主,连坐被杀的多达七、八万人。政府还令天下百姓“教诵御制《大诰》,欲其自幼知所

遵守”,根据规定,各地民众有权捉拿贪赃害民官吏进京查办,也可以越级诉讼,直接赴京告状。明初“一时吏治多可纪”、“民人安乐”。然大多数官员不求有功,但求避祸:部分官吏,为取悦圣意,阿谀奉承;还有官员陷入绝望,更加变本加厉地贪赃枉法。

一摘编自白寿彝主编《中国通史》

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    I learned to do wood work when I was very young. I remember I made my first project—a small table when I was 9 years old. I was so1of it that I looked upon it as if I had created a(an)2. It was absolutely beautiful and it had taken me six weeks to3it. I could hardly wait to give it to Mother Winters as a(an)4. She was the head mistress of our orphanage(孤儿院), who was always kind but5with us.

    As the tables were not dry from the clear coating(清漆), our woodworking teacher told us to wait a few days before taking them to our dormitories. But I was just so6and happy that I couldn't wait. I dashed out like a7, carrying my table, smiling from ear to ear.

    When I reached the dormitory I placed the little table beside my bed. I was8it when Mother Winters entered. She walked over to the table. Running her hand9it, she noticed that it was still wet.

    “Were you 10to bring this home?” she asked.

    “No, ma'am,” I 11with my head down.

    She ordered me to throw the table out and so I did. After she left, I immediately opened the door to get it back. There was 12stuck all over. I brushed and cried, but the dirt would not come off.

    I hid the table in my closet and never 13it. However, a year later during a cleaning-up, it was discovered. Painfully, I had to give the table to Mother Henderson, my houseparent, thinking that she would 14it away.

    Thirty years later at a reunion, I15that Mother Henderson was living nearby, so I drove up to see her. We talked cheerfully for a long time. As I was about to leave, she asked me to come down to her 16to get something important. I followed her 17into a dark corner. She picked something up.18she turned around, I could see that she was holding a little table. Mother Henderson kept the little table that I had given up for lost so long ago.

    Today, I look at that table with bittersweet memories but full of 19to Mother Henderson, who kept the table for a young orphan who20it so much.