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阅读《最佳饮料﹣﹣白开水》,完成各题。

最佳饮料﹣﹣白开水

       ①随着生活水平的提高,各种各样的饮料走进了人们的生活。喝矿泉水、纯净水已是普遍现象,喝雪碧、可乐成了一种时尚,各种名目繁多的功能饮料更是赢得了青少年的青睐,而饮用白开水的人却越来越少。其实,从科学角度来看,任何其他的饮料都无法取代白开水。

       ②众所周知,水是维持人体正常生理活动所必需的物质,只有保证机体有足够的水分,体内产生的废物才能及时地通过肾脏排、出体外。从医学角度上讲,任何饮料都不如白开水对生理健康有价值。白开水最容易解渴,有调节体温、输送养分及清洁身体内部的功能。而且,白开水具有较强的生物活性,对于促进细胞新陈代谢、能量转换、血液循环和维持电解质平衡,都大有益处。白开水不合卡路里,在进入人体后,很容易透过细胞膜,增加血液中血红蛋白含量,增强人体自身免疫功能,提高机体抗病能力。因此,白开水实在是人体最需要的天然“饮料”。

       ③白开水是由自来水煮沸而来的,其主要成分是水,其中还包含多种矿物质和一些人体需要量极少的微量元素,如钠、钾、钙、镁、锌、铁、铜、铅、氟、碘和硒等。矿物质和微量元素是人体必需倍。矿泉水的矿化度一般为200一300毫克/升,自来水为20一30毫克/升,而纯净水只有2﹣3毫克/升。有关研究表明,自来水中的矿物质和微量元素的含量对人体来说是最适宜的。

       ④其他的饮料所含糖分和热量一般都偏高,食欲旺盛且过量饮用的人,往往会因糖分和热量摄入过多引起肥胖;食欲不振的人则由于饮料影响正餐,可能导致热量摄入不足而渐趋瘦弱。饮料中的果糖会阻止人体对铜的吸收,引起贫血等病症。饮料中的人工色素、防腐剂在体内蓄积,会干扰多种酶的功能,引起消化不良。再者,饮料中的大量电解质不容易很快从胃肠排空,而是较长时间存在于胃肠内,影响消化吸收,降低食欲,同时还加重了肾脏的负担。另外,通过蒸馏和逆渗透技术加以净化后的纯净水会失去如镁、锌、铁、硒、碘等对人体有益的矿物质,长期饮用纯净水,人体便会缺少某些必要的元素而造成营养失衡,这对处于生长期的青少年来说尤为不利。

       ⑤那么,如何科学地饮用白开水呢?首先要注意喝水时间。饭前饭后半小时和餐中都不宜大量饮水,以免冲淡唾液、胃液,导致消化不良,最好在两顿饭中间适量饮用。其次要掌握喝水的量。成人每天需500﹣3000毫升,要一次性将一整杯水喝完,这样有利于身体真正吸收;最好每隔1~2小时喝一杯,不要等到有口渴感觉时才饮水。再者要喝新鲜开水。饮用水储存时间不宜过长,否则其中的亚硝酸盐含量就会上升,可转换为有致癌作用的亚硝胺。将水加热到100℃并持续沸腾3分钟,等降温到30℃以下后最适合饮用。生水、不开的水、重新煮开的水、千滚水(反复煮沸的水)、蒸锅水(蒸馒头等的剩锅水)和老化水(长时间贮存不动的水)等,是绝对不可饮用的。

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    When you see someone you know, the easiest way to recognize them is by their face—but not everyone can do this. Many people have prosopagnosia, or face blindness, which is a neurological(神经病学的)condition where the part of the brain that recognizes faces fails to develop. It can stop people recognizing partners, family members, friends or even their own reflection. It was once thought to be caused by brain injury (acquired prosopagnosia) but now a genetic link has been proved (development prosopagnosia).

    Acquired prosopagnosia is a very rare but as many as one in 50 people may have developmental prosopagnosia. There's no specific treatment, but training programmes are being developed to help improve facial recognition.

    For many, the situation can be dangerous. I've heard stories of people being robbed by strangers claiming to be family members, or of children wandering off strange men.

    It was only is this century that researchers began to realize exactly how many people in this world were quietly living with the condition.

    Like a blind person who can recognize family members by their footsteps, prosopagnosics are forced to develop unusual ways of discovering who it is they're meeting or talking to. From the obvious markers like hair and voice, to the way one sits, stands or walks, they rely on dozens of means to get through ordinary life.

    Faces are an important part of identity. Not to be recognized feels terrible—it's as if you've been overlooked, like someone's saying you don't matter. But it's nothing to the pain of knowing that you're hurting people's feelings constantly, and yet being completely unaware that you're doing it in the moment. To be alienated(隔离的)from the world of faces is a strange position to be in, but I'm comforted by the thought that articles like this will do a little to help people forgive me and others like me.